Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149958 (complex partial seizures)
 2,563 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We attempted to lateralize the epileptogenic focus (seven temporal lobe hippocampal foci, one frontal lobe focus) in medically refractory unilateral complex partial seizures, using noninvasive 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) blindly and interictally to compare hippocampal or frontal regions. The seizure foci were more alkaline (intracellular pH = 7.17 +/- 0.03) compared with the contralateral region (7.06 +/- 0.02, p < 0.01) in all eight cases; the inorganic phosphate was relatively increased (240 +/- 50% of contralateral, seven of eight cases, p < 0.01); and phosphomonoesters were relatively reduced (68 +/- 9% of contralateral, seven of eight cases, p < 0.01). Other phosphorus metabolites were symmetric (+/- 10%). 31P MRSI correctly lateralized the seizure focus in all eight cases. By comparison, imaging correctly lateralized four cases and SPECT, two cases. In conclusion, 31P MRSI is a useful tool for the noninvasive clinical assessment of focal epilepsy and can accurately lateralize the epileptogenic focus.
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PMID:Lateralization of human focal epilepsy by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. 140 85

To investigate alterations of brain metabolism associated with temporal lobe epilepsy, [31P]MRS studies were performed on the anterotemporal lobes of patients with medically refractory complex partial seizures. Interictally, the pH was significantly more alkaline in the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the seizure focus (7.25 vs. 7.08, p less than 0.05), and the inorganic phosphorous concentration was greater on the side of the epileptogenic focus (1.9 vs. 1.1 mM, p less than 0.05). These changes in pH and inorganic phosphate may represent metabolic alterations secondary to seizures. Alternatively, because alkalosis enhances neural excitability and may enhance seizure activity, the increased pH of the seizure focus may provide insight into the pathophysiologic mechanism of epileptic seizures.
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PMID:Increased pH and inorganic phosphate in temporal seizure foci demonstrated by [31P]MRS. 162 74

Hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence was standardized as a microassay to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress in human biopsies. Samples of 10 to 50 mg of rat liver or heart were homogenized, diluted in reaction medium, added with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and assayed for chemiluminescence in a liquid scintillation counter in the out-of-coincidence mode. Optimal conditions for the assay were: 0.3 to 1.2 mg/mL of homogenate protein in 120 mM KCl, 30 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and 3 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide at 30 degrees C. In these conditions, maximal chemiluminescence values were 550 +/- 30 and 1100 +/- 40 cps/mg protein, for liver and heart homogenates, respectively. Liver and heart homogenates were subjected to in vitro oxidative stresses such as supplementation with organic hydroperoxide or with enzymatic systems generating superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide. Chemiluminescence was higher in the poststress samples than in the control ones. The ratio: poststress chemiluminescence/control chemiluminescence (B/A) was about 1.4 or higher for both tissues. Human heart biopsies were utilized to investigate the occurrence of oxidative stress after clinical situations associated to ischemia-reperfusion. B/A ratios were 2.1 +/- 0.4, 1.4 +/- 0.1, and 2.8 +/- 0.4 for human heart, liver, and skeletal muscle, respectively.
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PMID:Hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence: an assay for oxidative stress in biopsies of heart, liver, and muscle. 184 67

The genomic organization of the chromosomal cps region that is responsible for capsular polysaccharide synthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae Chedid (O1:K2) was investigated. Deletion analyses and Southern hybridization studies suggested that the central region of the cloned 29-kb BamHI fragment is indispensable for K2 capsular polysaccharide synthesis. The 24,329-bp nucleotide sequence of the Klebsiella cps region was determined and deposited in the EMBL and GenBank databases through DDBJ and assigned accession number D21242. Nineteen possible open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in the sequenced area. Among them, 13 ORFs are very close to each other. Six of the 19 ORFs show considerable nucleotide sequence similarities to Salmonella typhimurium cpsG, cpsB, rfbP, and orf2.8, Escherichia coli gnd, and Haemophilus influenzae bexD, respectively. Moreover, the deduced amino acid sequence of the ORF10 product demonstrated a highly hydrophobic profile and showed putative membrane topology similarity to Rickettsia prowazekii ATP/ADP translocase. Nucleotide sequence similar to the sigma 54-dependent promoter, as well as the usual -35 and -10 sequences, were identified just upstream of ORF3, which is the first ORF in the polycistronic structure. Furthermore, a sequence (GGGCGGTAGCGT) found just downstream of the sigma 54-dependent promoter-like sequence was generally conserved among gene clusters implicated in cell surface polysaccharide synthesis, such as Salmonella rfb and viaB and E. coli kpsMT and rfaQPG. A possible transcriptional terminator with a hairpin loop structure found just downstream of ORF15 that is a homolog of E. coli gnd. K2 capsular polsaccharide biosynthesis in E. coli K-12 depends on cpsB (mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase gene), and Klebsiella cpsB, found in the downstream region of the polycistronic structure, was able to complement cpsB of E. coli. Results of transposon insertion and promoter-cloning analyses were consistent with the results of nucleotide sequence analysis.
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PMID:Genomic organization of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cps region responsible for serotype K2 capsular polysaccharide synthesis in the virulent strain Chedid. 789 2

A 4074-bp EcoRI fragment of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus (S. thermophilus) chromosomal DNA containing genes involved in exocellular polysaccharide (EPS) was identified and cloned. The nucleotide sequence of this fragment was determined and found to contain one partial and four complete open reading frames. These were designated cpsA, cpsB, cpsC, cpsD and cpsE and encoded proteins of > 130, 243, 230, 246 and 455 amino acids, respectively, that showed homology with the genes of the cps cluster, involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, in Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 19F. The cpsA gene is predicted to encode a transcriptional regulator, while cpsC and cpsD are predicted to encode proteins involved in polysaccharide polymerization and export. The cpsE gene is likely to encode the phosphate-prenyl glycosyl-1-phosphate transferase catalyzing the first step in polysaccharide biosynthesis in S. thermophilus. Southern blot analysis revealed that cpsE is found only in polysaccharide producing strains of S. thermophilus.
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PMID:The cpsABCDE genes involved in polysaccharide production in Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus strain NCBF 2393. 899 82

A 10-kb DNA fragment containing the gnd gene from Actinobacillus actinomy-cetemcomitans Y4 was isolated and sequenced. The structural gnd gene codes for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase that consists of 484 amino acids. In contrast to the gnd gene in Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, or Klebsiella pneumoniae, the gnd gene of A. actinomycetemcomitans was not located in the rfb or cps operon. The zwf gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is another enzyme consisting of pentose-phosphate pathway, sided at 3.8-kb upstream from the gnd gene. A phylogenetic tree based on sequence analyses showed higher homology of 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase of A. actinomycetemcomitans with the eucaryotic enzymes rather than with bacterial enzymes.
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PMID:The gnd gene encoding a novel 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and its adjacent region of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans chromosomal DNA. 902 51

Bacteria belonging to the species Streptococcus pneumoniae vary in their capsule. Presently, 90 capsular serotypes are known, all possessing their own specific polysaccharide structure. Little is known about the biosynthesis of these capsular polysaccharides. The cps locus of S. pneumoniae serotype 14 was cloned. So far, 7 open reading frames have been sequenced, cps14B to cps14H. The gene products are similar to proteins involved in bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis, both of Gram-negative and -positive micro-organisms. Gene-specific mutants were created for cps14D to cps14H by insertional mutagenesis. All mutants no longer agglutinated with a monoclonal antibody against type 14 capsule polysaccharides. The biosynthetic function of cps14E and cps14G was determined by analysis of the intermediates in the synthesis of the oligosaccharide subunit, formed in membrane preparations of the wild-type and mutant strains and in membrane preparations of Escherichia coli expressing the pneumococcal glycosyltransferases. The enzyme encoded by cps14E is a glucosyl-1-phosphate transferase that links glucose to a lipid carrier, the first step in the biosynthesis of the type 14 repeating unit. The gene product of cps14G encodes a beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the second step in the subunit synthesis, the transfer of galactose to lipid-linked glucose.
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PMID:Functional analysis of glycosyltransferases encoded by the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14. 923 53

Escherichia coli group I capsular K antigens are found in two forms on the cell surface. The K(LPS) form is linked to lipopolysaccharide lipid A core, whereas the high-molecular-weight capsular form is assembled independently of lipid A core. Subgroup IB K antigens are generally co-expressed with either the O8 or O9 antigen and, under the appropriate conditions, with the exopolysaccharide, colanic acid. To examine the relationships between the genetic loci and the synthetic pathways for these various cell-surface polymers, the gene cluster responsible for expression of a prototype group IB K antigen (serotype K40) was cloned and the flanking chromosomal regions characterized. Analysis of the six orfs within the cluster indicates features typical of Wzy (Rfc)-dependent O antigens. Synthesis of group IB K antigens is initiated by WecA (Rfe), a UDP-GlcNAc::undecaprenylphosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase, and the chain length of K40LPS is determined by the wzz gene product. The his-region of the E. coli O8:K40 prototype is almost exclusively devoted to the expression of three different surface polysaccharides. The rfbK40 cluster is located adjacent to the cps (colanic acid synthesis) and rfbO8 (O8 antigen synthesis) loci in the gene order: his-rfbO8/O9-wzz-ugd-gnd-rfbK40-galF-cps. Thus, rfbK40 is in the location occupied by other Wzy-dependent rfb gene clusters, and rfbO8/O9 represents an additional locus.
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PMID:Molecular and functional analysis of genes required for expression of group IB K antigens in Escherichia coli: characterization of the his-region containing gene clusters for multiple cell-surface polysaccharides. 938 97

Among 3 varieties of Xanthomonas campestris, the variety ocumo (X. campestris pv. ocumo), showed the greatest capacity for producing xanthan. This bacteria grows appropriately and produces this polysaccharide in a wide diversity of carbohydrate sources. However, this strain does not produce xanthan when the carbohydrate comes from lignocellulosic materials. The glucose syrup FAVEPRO was the carbon source that showed the best yield (23 g/l) with the greatest viscosity (7000 cps) of xanthan. The optimum production conditions in 1 L erlenmeyer flasks, with a working volume of 0.2 L and in a 14 L (stirred tank type bioreactor) with a working volume of 10 L, were the following: total sugar 5%, urea 0.05%, di-potassium hydrogen phosphate 0.5%, pH 7.5, inoculum 10%, temperature 30 degrees C, agitation 250-1000 rpm and aereation 0.3-1.0 vvm. This strain of X. campestris pv. ocumo was able to produce xanthan (10 g/l) in a culture medium based on a previously treated agricultural waste, called soluble acid extract of cassava bark. The viscosity of this medium increased up to 1500 cps.
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PMID:[Xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris in a non-conventional culture medium]. 1097 10

The cpsFGHIJKL genes from the cps cluster of Streptococcus thermophilus NCFB 2393 involved in the biosynthesis of EPS were identified, cloned and nucleotide sequenced. The complete cps cluster is contained on an approximately 11.2 kb chromosomal region which contains 12 ORFs, including the previously cloned cpsABCDE genes. Functions were assigned to some of the predicted gene products on the basis of homology to known sequences as follows: cpsK encodes a protein thought to be involved in the polymerization and export of the polysaccharide; cpsE, cpsF, cpsG, cpsH, cpsI and cpsJ encode putative sugar transferases. Two insertion sequences, IS1193 and ISS1, were identified within and flanking the 3' end of the cps cluster respectively. Analysis of the expression of the cpsE gene in Escherichia coli demonstrated that it encodes a glucose-1-phosphate transferase; the enzyme which catalyses the first step in EPS biosynthesis in S. thermophilus NCFB 2393.
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PMID:The complete cps gene cluster from Streptococcus thermophilus NCFB 2393 involved in the biosynthesis of a new exopolysaccharide. 1106 58


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