Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149871 (deep vein thrombosis)
 12,364 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

4 kinds of progestin only oral contraceptives (OCs) and numerous combined OCs containing ethinyl estradiol (EE) or occasionally mestranol and either norgestrel or norethindrone are currently available in Australia. All progestins except norgestrel are effective in vivo after metabolism to norethindrone. Mestranol is effective in the human after demethylation to EE. The main side effects of OCs, including menstrual disturbances and changes in weight and mood, are primarily of nuisance value. Menstrual blood loss with OCs is almost invariably less than during spontaneous menses, but breakthrough bleeding and midcycle spotting may cause concern in patients. Amenorrhea and weight gain are rare with low dose pills. Approximately 6 in 1000 women remain anovulatory for 12 months or more after discontinuing OCs, but it is not yet know whether the amenorrhea is related to pill use and it is usually corrected by induction of ovulation. Cardiovascular side effects including venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are seen less frequently with new lower dose pills. The effects of OCs on the cardiovascular system are complex and depend on the interaction of estrogen and progestin. Amounts of estrogen and progestin should be the lowest possible to prevent ovulation, and routine monitoring should be provided for all women using pills. Older high dose formulations altered lipid metabolism in the direction of greater risk of coronary heart disease. Although research suggests the lowest dose triphasic pills have no significant effect, not enough large studies have been done with matched controls. Any effects on carbohydrate metabolism of the low dose pills are apparently minor and of little clinical significance. Insulin dependent diabetics with adequate supervision may safely use low dose pills. Combined OCs reduce the incidence of endometrial and ovarian malignancy. No relationship between OCs and the risk of breast cancer has been demonstrated except possibly in women under 35 when the cancer developed. The risk of intraepithelial neoplasia may be increased in women taking OCs for more than 8 years. Data on drug interactions are inconclusive, but women on rifampicin should use some other method. Absolute contraindications to OCs include breast cancer, history of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, active liver disease, use of rifampicin, familial hyperlipidemia, previous arterial thrombosis, and pregnancy, while relative contraindications include smoking, age over 35, hypertension, breastfeeding, and irregular spontaneous menstruation. Progestin only OCs have a higher rate of failure and irregular bleeding than combined pills and their main use is for breastfeeding women and those with contraindications to estrogen. The pill of 1st choice should be a triphasic low-dose formulation.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives. 650 52

The overall incidence of clinically important (moderate to severe) OHSS ranges from 1% to 10% of IVF cycles, but only a small proportion (0.5% to 2%) of the cases are severe. In extreme but rare cases, secondary complications such as deep vein thrombosis, respiratory distress and acute hepato-renal failure may occur. The main risk factors are the presence of polycystic ovaries, high ovarian response to superovulation therapy, the use of hCG to trigger the ovulatory process or for luteal phase support, and the endogenous production of hCG by an early pregnancy. The pathogenesis of OHSS is unknown, although the predominant biochemical mediator is thought to be the renin-angiotensin system. Ovarian stimulation should always be carefully monitored to identify those women at risk. In IVF cycles, the hCG injection should be withheld if the risk is judged to be too great. Some women will benefit from a policy of proceeding to collect oocytes, but electively cryopreserving any resulting embryos, thus allowing the ovarian stimulation cycle not to be wasted. The administration of albumin at the time of oocyte collection will reduce the chance of severe OHSS occurring. If a decision is made to proceed with oocyte recovery and embryo transfer, it may be advisable to give 5000 IU of hCG, rather than 10,000 IU, as the ovulatory trigger. Progesterone, and not hCG, should be given in the luteal phase. Women developing mild or moderate OHSS should be kept under outpatient surveillance to detect the minority that may progress to severe OHSS. Those with severe OHSS should be hospitalised for fluid and electrolyte management. Paracentesis under ultrasound guidance is recommended where there are tense ascites, but further surgical intervention should rarely be undertaken and only when there is good clinical evidence of ovarian torsion or haemorrhage.
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PMID:Diagnosis, prevention and management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. 862 33

The first generation high-dose ( 80 mcg estrogen) oral contraceptives (OCs) were associated with an increased risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). So manufacturers removed the high-dose OCs and first replaced them with OCs with 50 mcg estrogen, resulting in a lower incidence of thromboembolic events (40 vs. 20/100,000 users). When they introduced an even lower dose OC (30 mcg estrogen), the incidence fell further (about 8/100,000 users). Yet, women using the lowest-dose OCs still have DVT more often than do control women. Life-style, age, and smoking may be confounding factors, however. It is not clear whether loss of endogenous ovarian steroid production or the effects of the orally administered contraceptive steroids cause significant changes in hemostatic factors (antithrombin III, protein S, protein C, plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, histidine-rich glycoprotein, and VII, VIII, X, XII coagulation factors) during OC use. These changes tend to be within normal ranges. There is some doubt that these changes have any clinical significance. In nonsmokers, increased activity of anticoagulant factors and fibrinolytic factors counteract the effects on coagulation factors. Progestin-only OCs appear to affect hemostasis but have not increased the risk of thrombosis. There are considerable differences between people in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of contraceptive steroids. These differences may account for the increased risk of thromboembolic events in some people. Further research should identify methods of individualizing the dose of contraceptive steroids for a single patient. It should also explore the close interrelationship between hemostasis and lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and hypertension in the development of cardiovascular disease in OC users. Providers should discourage women with a past history of DVT from using hormonal contraception.
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PMID:Coagulation and anticoagulation effects of contraceptive steroids. 817 1

Fertility is improved within months and conception is achieved within one to six years after kidney transplantation. Pregnancy is safe and has little effect on long-term graft survival, but has increased maternal and fetal risks. Pregnancy is contraindicated in the first two years post-kidney transplantation due to increased risk of acute rejections and higher doses of immunosuppressive drugs. Poor renal function, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and hypertension are other contraindications. Family planning and counseling, and consideration of a suitable contraceptive method are essential before transplantation. Tubal ligation and vasectomy are permanent contraceptives with the least failure results. Combined pills are highly effective and are among the lowest failure rate contraceptives, but they interact with cyclosporine, and are contraindicated in patients with thromboembolism and deep vein thrombosis. Progesterone-only minipill has the advantage of avoiding the risks associated with estrogen, but has a higher failure rate than the combined pills. The barrier methods (condom and diaphragm) are effective and safe contraceptives and can prevent sexually transmitted diseases, but require motivated couples. Intra uterine devices are convenient contraceptives, but have higher failure rate and are associated with increased incidence of pelvic infection. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients should be managed by a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary centre.
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PMID:Pregnancy and contraceptive issues in renal transplant recipients. 1831 Aug 62

The natural hormone progesterone and the progesterone derivative hydroxyprogesterone have been pro- posed for the prevention of preterm birth in pregnant women considered at high risk due to a history of prior preterm birth or a short cervix on ultrasound examination. What are the results of the evalu- ation of these progestogens in the prevention of preterm birth in women at high risk? And what are the adverse effects on the mother and the unborn child? We identified a Cochrane systematic review and searched the literature for more recent data. Four randomised trials evaluated the administration of intramuscular hydroxyprogesterone, beginning in the second trimester of pregnancy, in about 650 women with a history of preterm birth. The data on perinatal mortality and on the incidence of preterm birth were uninterpretable due to heterogeneity between the pla- cebo groups. Seven randomised placebo- controlled trials evaluated oral or vaginal progesterone in about 1300 women with a history of preterm birth. Delivery before 34 weeks' gestation was less frequent with pro- gesterone (10% of births versus 26% with placebo), with no impact on perinatal mortality. The results on neo- natal health outcomes are undermined by reporting bias. In five randomised trials in women found to have a short cervix midway through pregnancy, there was no firm evidence that either vaginal progester- one or intramuscular hydroxyproges- terone reduce the incidence of preterm birth before 37 weeks. Progesterone and hydroxyproges- terone were evaluated in 16 randomised trials in women with a multiple pregnancy, with no evidence of a reduction in the risk of preterm birth. At the doses evaluated, the adverse effects of these progestogens are moderate for the mother, although women at risk for deep vein thrombosis were excluded from several trials. Exposure to progesterone or hydroxy- progesterone after the first trimester of pregnancy does not appear to increase the risk of congenital defects in the newborn. The long-term effects of these progestogens are unknown. In practice, the efficacy of progesterone and hydroxyprogesterone administered from the second trimester of pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth is highly uncertain. As of early 2016, the evaluation results are not sufficiently convincing to justify progestogen exposure as soon as the risk of preterm birth appears high. They do, however, justify continued evaluation of progesterone in clinical trials for women with a history of recurrent preterm birth with no iden- tified cause.
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PMID:Progestogens and prevention of preterm birth in women at risk. 3073 Jun 53