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Query: UMLS:C0149871 (deep vein thrombosis)
 12,364 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent condition which carries a significant risk for stroke when associated with deep venous thrombosis and primary or secondary coagulation abnormalities. Here, we describe a patient in which scuba diving is thought to be associated with stroke in a subject with an otherwise clinically silent PFO. During a rapid ascent a 43-year-old-scuba diver reported weakness and paresthesias in the right arm which lasted about 10 min. He presented similar symptoms 2 days later 1 h after diving, and a third time on his flight back home. The MRI showed multiple hyperintense areas on T2-weighted images in the white matter. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed a PFO, whilst all haematological and haemocoagulation tests were negative. Scuba diving may constitute a patho-physiological condition in the presence of PFO as breath-holding promotes right-to-left shunt and arterialization of venous bubbles.
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PMID:Stroke in a scuba diver with patent foramen ovale. 1178 82

A 10-year-old Turkish boy was admitted with mild right spastic hermiplegia. First, he experienced sudden numbness and weakness in the right extremities at the age of 2 years and was diagnosed with right hemiparesis. His parents were generally healthy and non-consanguineous. His mother suffered from deep vein thrombosis of the left lower extremity during pregnancy and had recurrent fetal loss. At the age of 10 years, a thrombophilia marker examination revealed that plasma-free protein S was 49.3% (normal range = 70-123%), and factor VIII level was found to be 470 IU/dL (normal = 150 IU/dL). The patient and his two siblings were found to be heterozygous for factor V Leiden mutation. His mother was also heterozygous for factor V Leiden mutation and had protein S deficiency. A combination of protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden mutation, and a high level of factor VIII was detected in our patient. After his first attack at the age of 2 years, in spite of no prophylaxis, he did not experience any other ischemic insult. To our knowledge, this is the first patient with these combinations of genetic defects and ischemic stroke to be reported in the literature.
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PMID:Combined genetic defects in a child with ischemic stroke: case report. 1226 33

Three hundred and thirty-three patients admitted to Eshowe Hospital with snakebite were analysed. Forty-one were non-envenomed, 282 exhibited painful progressive swelling (PPS), seven showed progressive weakness (PW), and there were three cases of minor envenomations that were unclassifiable. Offending dead venomous snakes included Naja mossambica (Mozambique spitting cobra), Bitis arietans (puff adder), Atractaspis bibronii (stiletto snake), Causus rhombeatus (common night adder) and Dendroaspis polylepis (black mamba). Most bites occurred on the leg in the wet summer months during the first three decades of the patients' lives. The majority of patients used a first-aid measure. The snake was most commonly sighted if the patient was bitten on an upper limb or above the ankle. Severe envenomation was associated with quicker arrival at hospital, and multiple bites occurred more frequently in sleeping patients. Non-envenomation following snakebites was more common in winter, in adult females, and if the patient was bitten proximally on a limb or on a hand. Patients with PPS developed bite site complications (42), compartment syndromes (4), femoral vessel entrapment (1), deep vein thrombosis (1), and respiratory complications (4). Severe swelling was associated with spring and early summer, proximal limb bites and children who were most at risk of necrosis. Fingers and hands were most prone to necrosis and permanent disability. Four patients with PW developed respiratory failure. Antivenom was administered to 12 patients, five of whom developed an acute adverse reaction. There was one death.
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PMID:Epidemiology of snakebite in Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 1501 75

A cerebrovascular thromboembolic event may precede the identification of cancer, and be the first clinical evidence of an underlying malignancy. The malignancy can cause either nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis or hypercoagulable state, both of which may have clinical manifestions such as thrombotic or embolic occlusion of multiple major cerebral vessels. We present three cases with unusual cerebrovascular events. The first case is a 62-year-old woman who was admitted due to acute left limbs weakness and consciousness disturbance. Brain computed tomographic (CT) scan showed right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarctions with uncal herniation. The second case is a 44-year-old woman who was hospitalized due to acute bilateral limb weakness and consciousness disturbance. Bilateral MCA, left PCA, anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarctions and deep vein thrombosis in the left leg were diagnosed. The third case is a 63-year-old man who developed sudden onset of right hemiplegia and consciousness disturbance. Brain CT scan showed bilateral MCA and left ACA infarction. The results of a series of examinations including biochemistry, lipid profile, carotid duplex, and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were unremarkable. All patients had positive disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) tests with elevated D-dimers and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Further systemic evaluation for malignancy revealed ovarian cancer in the first patient, endometrial carcinoma in the second patient, and adenocarcinoma of lung in the third patient. They all died of the underlying malignancy. Because the hemostatic system can be altered by malignancy, intravascular coagulation abnormalities of these malignancy-related strokes may be disclosed by laboratory assays of hemostasis.
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PMID:Cerebrovascular complications in patients with malignancy: report of three cases and review of the literature. 1531

There are significant associations between moderate increases in serum homocysteine and three cardiovascular diseases: ischemic heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and stroke. An association between the presence of abdominal aortic aneurysm and elevated homocysteine plasma levels has been indicated. Although chronic systemic hypertension is the most common factor predisposing the aorta to dissection, homocysteinemia has never been known as the risk for aortic dissection except for that with Marfan syndrome. Homocysteinemia is suggested to be the risk for aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome and spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Reduced fibrillin-1 deposition into the extracellular matrix is found not only in Marfan syndrome but also in isolated ascending aortic aneurysm and dissection. The reduced matrix deposition produces a mild form of weakness of elastic tissue, which predisposes to ascending aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients who do not have the Marfan syndrome. The defect in fibrillin-1 leads to: (1) formation of elastin that is abnormally aggregated and more easily degraded by matrix metalloproteinases than is normal elastin; (2) upregulation of the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases; (3) progressive destruction of connective tissue by these enzymes; (4) development of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Homocysteine causes premature breakdown in the arterial elastic fibers by activation of the elastolytic activities. Irreversible homocysteinylation of long-lived proteins should lead to cumulative damage and progressive clinical manifestations, and fibrillin-1 is seen as the paradigm of extracellular connective tissue proteins that are specially susceptible to homocysteine (and presumably homocysteine thiolactone) attack. The authors hereupon propose a novel hypothesis that homocysteine plays an important role in development of aortic dissection and that homocysteinemia is one of the risk factors for aortic dissection.
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PMID:Homocysteinemia is a risk factor for aortic dissection. 1578 May 1

This case report concerns an unusual complication of neurovascular compression following an isolated popliteus muscle rupture. A 59-year-old man, after a fall from a horse, gradually developed symptoms of a swollen leg, dysesthesias in the sole of his foot, and muscle weakness of his toe flexors. At presentation, he was found to have a complete tibial nerve injury at the level of the popliteal fossa and significant neuropathic pain. MRI demonstrated a rupture in the muscular portion of the popliteus muscle with extensive edema and hemorrhage compressing the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. The edema extended up to the distal part of sciatic nerve where there was evidence of intraneural hemorrhage. In the course of recovery, the patient additionally developed deep venous thrombosis in the ipsilateral popliteal vein. Spontaneous recovery was documented on serial clinical and electrodiagnostic examinations. The patient's neuropathic pain improved significantly within 6 months and his neurologic function recovered nearly fully by 2 years.
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PMID:Neurovascular compression following isolated popliteus muscle rupture: a case report. 1621 80

Acceptance is increasing for pharmacological prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) for most types of surgery, but its use remains controversial in neurosurgical patients because of the threat of catastrophic hemorrhage. Consequently, mechanical measures such as sequential calf compression and graduated compression stockings are currently the preferred prophylaxis for neurosurgical patients. However, some patients remain at high risk despite these measures and may require prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparins or unfractionated heparin. In neurosurgical patients, known risk factors for DVT or PE include advanced age, malignancy, limb weakness, prolonged surgery, and cranial as opposed to spinal surgery. Using comprehensive neurosurgery databases, the authors identify more specific neurosurgical diagnoses and procedures as risk factors for DVT and PE, and show increases in the frequency of DVT and PE for the wider neurosurgery population and for glioma patients over time. DVT prophylaxis is compared in public and private hospital settings. This chapter contributes to the changing picture of DVT and PE in neurosurgical patients over the last two decades.
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PMID:Risk factors and prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis in neurosurgery. 1652 57

The purpose of the study was to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of the "Recovery(TM)" (Bard) inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and imaging data of patients who had a "Recovery(TM)" IVC filter placed between January 2003 and December 2004 in our institution. The clinical presentation, indications, and procedure-related complications during placement and retrieval were evaluated. Follow-up computed tomography (CT) examinations of the abdomen and chest were evaluated for filter-related complications and pulmonary embolism (PE), respectively. "Recovery" filters were placed in 96 patients (72 males and 24 females; age range: 16-87 years; mean: 46 years). Twenty-four patients presented with PE, 13 with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 2 with both PE and DVT. The remaining 57 patients had no symptoms of thromboembolism. Indications for filter placement included contraindication to anticoagulation (n = 27), complication of anticoagulation (n = 3), failure of anticoagulation (n = 5), and prophylaxis (n = 61). The device was successfully deployed in the infrarenal (n = 95) or suprarenal (n = 1) IVC through a femoral vein approach. Retrieval was attempted in 11 patients after a mean period of 117 days (range: 24-426). The filter was successfully removed in nine patients (82%). Failure of retrieval was due to technical difficulty (n = 1) and the presence of thrombus in the filter (n = 1). One of the nine patients who had the filter removed developed IVC thrombus after retrieval and another had an intimal tear of the IVC. Follow-up abdominal CT (n = 40) at a mean of 80 days (range: 1-513) showed penetration of the IVC by the filter arms in 11, of which 3 had fracture of filter components. In one patient, a broken arm migrated into the pancreas. Asymmetric deployment of the filter legs was seen in 12 patients and thrombus within the filter in 2 patients. No filter migration or caval occlusion was encountered. Follow-up chest CT (n = 27) at a mean of 63 days (range: 1-386) showed PE in one patient (3%). During clinical follow-up, 12 of 96 patients developed symptoms of PE and only 1 of the 12 had PE on CT. There was no fatal pulmonary embolism in our group of patients following "Recovery" filter placement. However, the current version of the filter is associated with structure weakness, a high incidence of IVC wall penetration, and asymmetric deployment of the filter legs.
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PMID:"Recovery" vena cava filter: experience in 96 patients. 1656 94

Compartment syndrome is a constellation of symptoms and signs associated with abnormally elevated tissue pressure in the skeletal muscle of the extremities. It is manifested in anatomic locations where muscles are enveloped in fasciae. The case of a lower extremity compartment syndrome in a 71-year-old male patient who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and simultaneous aortic valve surgery is reported. Preoperative evaluation revealed severe peripheral vascular disease. The patient underwent triple CABG using the left internal thoracic artery and two vein grafts. The right great saphenous vein was used for these vein grafts. The aortic valve was replaced with a biologic prosthesis. On postoperative day 1, the patient complained of pain and oedema in the right calf. The next day, symptoms worsened, with marked sensory loss, motor weakness and foot drop in the affected limb. Triplex ultrasonography excluded deep vein thrombosis. Compartment syndrome was diagnosed and successfully managed by fasciotomy. This case illustrates that compartment syndrome may, although rarely, be a complication of CABG.
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PMID:Lower extremity compartment sindrome following coronary artery bypass. 1741 75

A 29-year-old man, with no significant past medical history, was in his usual state of health until the afternoon of admission. The patient was seated at work eating lunch when he suddenly noticed that his vision became blurry. He covered his right eye and had no visual difficulty but noted blurry vision upon covering his left eye. At this point, the patient tried to stand up, but had difficulty walking and noticed he was "falling toward his left." Facial asymmetry when smiling was also appreciated. The patient denied any alteration in mental status, confusion, antecedent or current headaches, aura, chest pains, or shortness of breath. He was not taking any prescribed medications and had no known allergies. The patient denied any prior hospitalization or surgery. He denied use of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs, and worked as a maintenance worker in a hotel. His family history is remarkable for his father who died of pancreatic cancer in his 50s and his mother who died of an unknown heart condition in her late 40s. Vital signs on presentation to the emergency department included temperature of 97.6 degrees F; respiratory rate of 18 per minute; pulse of 68 per minute; blood pressure of 124/84 mmHg; pulse oximetry of 99% on ambient air. His body mass index was 24 and he was complaining of no pain. The patient had no carotid bruits and no significant jugular venous distention. Cardiovascular exam revealed a regular rate and rhythm with no murmurs. Neurological exam revealed left-sided facial weakness, dysarthria, and preserved visual fields. He was able to furrow his brow. Gait deviation to the left was present, and Romberg sign was negative. Deep tendon reflexes were 2+ throughout, and no other focal neurological deficit was present. The patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of stroke. Electrocardiogram, fasting lipid profile, computed tomography (CT) scan of head, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of head and neck, and transthoracic echo with bubble study were ordered. The initial head CT did not reveal bleeding. He was started on aspirin (ASA). On the second hospital day, the symptoms improved with resolution of dysarthria. His ataxia had also improved. Fasting lipid profile revealed mildly elevated low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. His head MRI revealed an acute right thalamic stroke. Echocardiography was significant only for a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with transit of agitated saline "bubbles" from right atrium to left heart within three cardiac cycles (Figure). Doppler ultrasound of extremities revealed no evidence of deep venous thrombosis. A complete resolution of symptoms occurred by the third hospital day. The patient was discharged on full dose aspirin and a statin and was referred for consideration of enrollment in a PFO closure versus medical management trial.
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PMID:Clinical case of the month. A 29-year-old man with acute onset blurry vision, weakness, and gait abnormality. Stroke. 2010 23


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