Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5 are cytokines with important roles in IgE production and eosinophilia. Interleukin-4 is essential for IgE production, and IL-5 is the major factor involved in the production and activation of eosinophils. These two phenomena commonly occur together in parasitic infestation and allergic disease. Both cytokines are produced by T helper 2 (Th2) and Th0 cells but not by Th1 cells, and in a number of experimental systems IL-4 is required for the production of IL-5. This article presents evidence that IL-4 and IL-5 are not always co-ordinately produced. There is evidence for selective production of either IL-4 or IL-5 in response to immune stimulation by different adjuvants. Dissociation of production of these two cytokines has also been reported in several pathological situations. An example is intrinsic or non-atopic asthma, with eosinophilic bronchitis but without elevated IgE production, where there is evidence for excessive production of IL-5 but not IL-4. Different microenvironmental factors may favour production of either IL-4 or IL-5. For example, IL-2 stimulates the production of IL-5 but not IL-4. Therefore the Th2 model does not account for all immune responses involving IL-4 or IL-5. Responses characterized by IL-4 without IL-5, and IL-5 without IL-4, can also occur.
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PMID:Dissociation of production of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. 879 28

Mucous membrane of the bronchi, antral zone of the stomach and duodenum were studied histologically, morphometrically, immunohistochemically and bacterioscopically in 47 children of 5 to 14 years of age with bronchial asthma (16 patients), obstructive bronchitis (12 patients), chronic pneumonia or chronic nonspecific bronchitis (19 patients). All these children had also gastroduodenitis. There was an increase of local production of IgE and enhanced degranulation of mast cells in bronchial mucosa and gastroduodenal zone in children with bronchial asthma and obstructive bronchitis. The proportion of CD4+/CD8+ decreased to 0.92 in bronchial asthma. Gastritis was associated much more frequently with Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic obstructive bronchitis and bronchial asthma.
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PMID:[The immunomorphology of the mucosa of the bronchi and gastroduodenal zone in children with combined disease of the bronchi and gastrointestinal tract]. 913 85

The T cell hypothesis of asthma, particularly chronic asthma, is based around the concept that the disease is driven and maintained by the persistence of a specialized subset of chronically activated T memory cells sensitized against an array of allergenic, occupational or viral antigens which home to the lung after appropriate antigen exposure or viral infection. Allergens induce a CD4+ T helper (Th) cell response, whereas viruses recognize CD8+ T cytotoxic (Tc) cells. In the asthmatic airway there appears to be both CD4+ and CD8+ cells with a type 2 cytokine phenotype (i.e. Th2 and Tc2 type). These cells produce: interleukin (IL)-5, IL-3 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which recruit, mobilize and activate eosinophils for subsequent mucosal tissue damage; and IL-4, an essential co-factor for local or generalized IgE production. This in turn leads to eosinophilic desquamative bronchitis, with epithelial shedding, mucus hypersecretion and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Thus, although the eosinophil is largely responsible for airway symptoms, its function appears to be under T cell control. Support for this hypothesis includes: the observations that activated T cells and their products can be identified in biopsies from the major variants of the disease (atopic, nonatopic [intrinsic] and occupational asthma); the co-localization of mRNA for type 2 cytokines to CD4+ and CD8+ cells in atopic and non-atopic asthma; the presence of chronically activated cytokine-producing T cells in corticosteroid-resistant asthma; the association of disease severity with type 2 cytokines, especially IL-5; and the efficacy of cyclosporin A in chronic steroid-dependent disease. Inhibitors and/or antagonists directed against more precise T cell-associated molecular targets hold promise for the future treatment of chronic asthma.
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PMID:T cells as orchestrators of the asthmatic response. 925 5

Occupational asthma-asthma induced by an agent inhaled at work-provides a valid model for the examination of the more general environmental causes of asthma. In many instances, definable populations exposed to a novel allergen in the workplace at concentrations that are relatively easily measured develop IgE-associated asthma and characteristic eosinophilic bronchitis. Carefully designed epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of IgE antibody and asthma is highest in the first one to two years of exposure; and that the risk is directly related to the intensity of airborne allergen exposure. The relationship between exposure and outcome is modified both by concurrent cigarette smoking and by genotype, although the details of this latter interaction remain unclear. Symptoms, airway hyper-responsiveness and airway inflammation may persist for several years after avoidance of exposure to the initiating agent. If the relevance of the model is accepted then these insights require testing and further investigation, both within the field of occupational asthma and, by extension, in the wider field of asthma in the general environment.
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PMID:Inferences from occupational asthma. 925 11

The efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate (CAS 5534-09-8, BDP, beclomethasone) inhalation therapy over the course of 12 months were evaluated in 42 patients with established chronic silicosis. Their pulmonary functions were monitored every 3 months and volume of sputum production was established daily. Subjects were divided randomly into two groups; 21 patients (BDP group) were treated with BDP (400 micrograms/day) by way of a metered-dose inhaler, while the 21 controls did not receive the BDP inhalation therapy. Although FVC (forced vital capacity), FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), MMEF (maximal mean expiratory flow) and arterial blood oxygen tension did not improve significantly, sputum production significantly decreased in the BDP group. The patients who responded most dramatically to the treatment presented with sputum eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels prior to therapy. Pulmonary tuberculosis or exacerbation of chronic airway infection was not observed in any of the patients. These results suggest that corticosteroid inhalation therapy is helpful in the management of chronic silicosis, especially in patients with sputum eosinophilia. Positive atopic factors may be related to the pathogenesis of eosinophilic bronchitis, a complication of chronic silicosis.
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PMID:Effect of beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation on eosinophilic bronchitis in patients with silicosis. 945 Jan 66

Long-term health effects of moderate ambient air pollution are rarely investigated. In Switzerland, no large-scale study has addressed this issue so far. Important results of the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults (SAPALDIA) are presented. During the period 1991-1993, SAPALDIA investigated a random population sample (18-60 years) in eight Swiss areas with different environmental characteristics (Aarau, Basel, Davos, Geneva, Lugano, Montana, Payerne, Wald). In total, 9651 adults (60%) participated in the cross-sectional investigation (part 1, 1991), consisting of the following standardized procedures: questionnaire (interview), forced expiratory lung function test, bronchial challenge with methacholine, atopy assessment (Phadiatop, unspecific total IgE), allergy skin tests, and endexpiratory CO-measurements. Subjects with a history of respiratory symptoms, increased bronchial reactivity, reduced lung function (FEV1/FVC < 80% predicted) and 150 healthy never-smokers were included in the subsequent diary study (part 2; n = 3281, 1992/93). Peak flow (morning and evening), symptoms, medication, personal activity and visits to the doctor were monitored. Across regions, annual mean values ranged from 9 to 52 mg/m3 (NO2) and 10 to 33 mg/m3 (PM10) respectively. Air pollution had effects on prevalence of dyspnea (+41% per 10 mg/m3 increment of the annual mean PM10, 95% CI 20-65%), on symptoms of chronic bronchitis (+31%, 10-55%), on FVC (-3.1%; -3.7 to -2.6%), and FEV1 (-1.1%; -1.7% to -0.5%), on the incidence of respiratory symptoms and the length of symptomfree intervals (11% change per 10 mg/m3 PM10), but not on the prevalence of asthma. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) showed impact on wheezing (OR 1.94; 1.39-2.70), asthma (1.39; 1.04-1.86), bronchitis (1.60; 1.24-2.08) and chronic bronchitis (1.50; 1.11-2.02). Health effects of moderate air pollution were confirmed in Switzerland. Although for the individual the relative risks are small, the public health impact may be considerable. An ongoing follow-up will investigate the mortality profile of the SAPALDIA cohort.
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PMID:[Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA)]. 952 21

In adult patients with different variants of the complicated course of bronchitis (prolonged, relapsing, chronic) respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infections were shown to occur very frequently (37-72%, depending on the form on bronchitis). In 220 cases of RS infection the content of anti-RS-virus IgE in the blood was analyzed. The reaction of specific IgE was more pronounced in RS infection observed in patients with acute of bronchitis, than in those with chronic forms. The occurrence of RS-virus infections and reinfections was shown to be directly related to the presence of the broncho-obstructive syndrome in patients. The direct correlation between high levels of serum anti-RS-virus IgE and the presence of bronchospasms in patients, revealed in this study, was indicative of the possible pathogenetic role of this immunoglobulin: the Pearson association factor (rA) was 0.32, p < 0.01. Depending on the specific features of the clinical course of bronchitis, differences in the dynamics and speed on immune response, in the duration of the preservation of anti-RS-virus IgE in the blood, as well as in the character of the reaction of this immunoglobulin to single and multiple RS-virus lesion, were observed.
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PMID:[Anti-RS viral IgE in respiratory syncytial viral infection in adult patients with a complicated course of bronchitis]. 978 3

This cross-sectional epidemiological study collected health data for 2,470 school children between 5 and 14 years of age (89% of eligible children) who had lived most of their lives in either one of two counties strongly impacted by industrial pollution (Bitterfeld and Hettstedt) or in a neighboring county without any sources of industrial pollution (Zerbst). The objective of the study was to examine whether regional differences--with respect to the occurrence of childhood respiratory diseases and symptoms or allergies--exist and, if such differences are found, whether they persist when we adjust for the effects of known risk factors such as medical and sociodemographic factors or factors related to the indoor environment. Controlling for medical, sociodemographic, and indoor factors, according to parental reports, children residing in Hettstedt have about a 50% increased lifetime prevalence for physician-diagnosed allergies, eczema, and bronchitis compared to children from Zerbst and about twice the number of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath, and cough without cold. Sensitization to common aeroallergens according to skin prick tests [odds ratio (OR) = 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.86] and specific IgE levels (OR = 1.75; CI, 1.31-2.33) was more common for children from Hettstedt than children from the nonpolluted county. Bitterfeld children, on the other hand, more often received a diagnosis of asthma and eczema than children residing in Zerbst and also showed slightly increased sensitization rates. In conclusion, industrial pollution related to mining and smelting operations in the county of Hettstedt were associated with a higher lifetime prevalence of respiratory disorders and an increased rate of allergic sensitization in children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. Further studies are needed to determine what role the high dust content of heavy metals plays in Hettstedt.
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PMID:Respiratory diseases and allergies in two polluted areas in East Germany. 987 17

The relationships of skin test positivity, high serum total IgE levels (> 100 kU/L), and peripheral blood eosinophilia (>/= 275 cells/microliter) to symptomatic (either chronic cough, chronic phlegm, bronchitis episodes, dyspnea, wheeze, or asthma) and asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) were studied cross-sectionally in 620 adult subjects who participated in the Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen Study of 1989 and 1990. Eosinophilia (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.28 to 3.31) and skin test positivity (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.71) were both significantly associated with BHR independent of age, sex, smoking, and urban area of residence. High serum total IgE levels were not associated with BHR (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.81 to 2.03). Separate analyses for symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects showed that the higher risk of BHR with skin test positivity applied only to symptomatic subjects (OR = 5.78, 95% CI = 1.63 to 20.51), independent of eosinophilia and high serum total IgE levels. The higher risk of BHR with eosinophilia was not different between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, and independent of skin test positivity and high serum total IgE levels. The results of this study show that, in the general adult population, eosinophilia is associated with BHR both in symptomatic and asymptomatic persons, whereas skin test positivity is associated with BHR only in symptomatic subjects.
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PMID:The relationship of skin test positivity, high serum total IgE levels, and peripheral blood eosinophilia to symptomatic and asymptomatic airway hyperresponsiveness. 1005 Dec 74

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of dermo-respiratory symptoms from lung-function spirometer values and serum IgE levels in farmers who have been exposed to pesticides in the United Arab Emirates (E.A.U.). The study was a comparison of 98 farmers with 98 non-farmers, the two groups were equivalent in age, sex and selected regions--the town of Al-Ain and in the Emirates of Dubai, Sharjah and Fujairah. Most of the farmers were illiterate or poorly educated (p < 0.0001). Most lived in prefabricated houses (50.5%). Use of chemical substances (70.9%) and a mixture of pesticides by the farmers (60.2%) was very high. The results revealed that the farmers had a very high prevalence of chronic dermo-respiratory symptoms. These differences are statistically significant when compared with the reference group, particularly for the following symptoms: cough (p < 0.003), pharyngitis (p < 0.0003), bronchitis (p < 0.02), asthma (p < 0.008), respiratory insufficiency (p < 0.006), pneumonia (p < 0.003), dyspnea (p < 0.006), nasal catarrh (p < 0.001), sinusitis (p < 0.05), pharyngeal irritation (p < 0.01), nasal irritation (dryness, sneezing and secretions) (p < 0.005), ocular irritation (p < 0.05), cutaneous pruritus (p < 0.002), and contact dermatitis (p < 0.02). The spirometer tests (all parameters together) measured in the farmers were significantly reduced by comparison with the reference group. In conclusion, the authors suggest that a high prevalence of dermo-respiratory symptoms, supported by reduced spirometer tests and high serum IgE, is associated with exposure to pesticides. These results are clearly useful for establishment of work-related reduced exposure in the future.
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PMID:Respiratory symptoms, skin disorders and serum IgE levels in farm workers. 1021 28


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