Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During fifteen months between January 1989 and March 1990, 137 episodes (136 cases) of acute bronchitis were clinically examined in Iki Public Hospital. From the results of quantitative sputum culture in 99 episodes, 58 episodes (56.8%) had obviously bacterial infections. The three major causative bacteria were H. influenzae (45.7%), S. pneumoniae (27.1%) and B. catarrhalis (17.2%). Inflammatory cytology of the sputum revealed that in the patients with acute bronchitis macrophage, vivid neutrophils and bronchial epithelial cells were clearly observed, while in the patients of chronic respiratory infections those cells were fewer in number. Before and after therapy, respiratory functions and blood gas were evaluated in 45 cases. Significant improvements were observed in PaO2, FEV1.0, etc. During eight years from 1982 to 1989, B. catarrhalis has been gradually increasing, as one of major causative organisms. Each year, the rate of bacterial infection was approximately fifty percent in acute bronchitis.
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PMID:[Clinical study on acute bronchitis using inflammatory cytology of sputum]. 813 68

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological, and clinical studies were performed in pediatrics on cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI, ME1207) in granules. 1. Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of CDTR after administration of CDTR-PI to children (ages between 1 and 10) were investigated. Five cases were administrated with CDTR-PI at a dose level of 3 mg/kg 30 minutes after meal. Serum concentrations in these cases reached their peaks at 2 hours after administration with an average level of 1.23 +/- 0.34 micrograms/ml and diminished to 0.04 +/- 0.04 micrograms/ml at 8 hours after administration with a half-life of 1.60 +/- 0.38 hours. Urinary recovery rates of CDTR in the first 8 hours after administration of CDTR-PI averaged 14.9 +/- 0.9%. Five cases were administered with CDTR-PI at a dose level of 6 mg/kg 30 minutes after meal. Serum concentrations with the drug after meal reached their peaks at 1 hour after administration with an average level of 2.62 +/- 0.42 micrograms/ml and diminished to 0.21 +/- 0.11 micrograms/ml at 8 hours after administration with a half-life of 1.58 +/- 0.31 hours. Urinary recovery rates of CDTR in the first 8 hours after administration of CDTR-PI averaged 17.0 +/- 0.7%. These data also showed that serum and urinary concentrations of the drug depended on dose levels. 2. CDTR-PI was administered to 31 pediatric patients (their ages ranged between 1 year and 10 years) with various infections, and clinical and bacteriological effects and adverse reactions were investigated. Clinical effects were evaluable in 24 cases including 2 cases of scarlet fever, 1 case of acute pharyngitis, 12 cases of acute purulent tonsillitis, 4 cases of acute bronchitis, 5 cases of acute pneumonia. Clinical responses were excellent in 16 cases, effective in 8 cases, with an efficacy rate of 100%. Antimicrobial effects against a total of 16 strains identified or assumed to be pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. The 16 strains of bacteria included 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 6 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 2 strains of beta-Streptococcus, 4 strains of Haemophilus influenzae. All the bacteria listed here were judged to have been eradicated except 2 strains of H. influenzae (1 was decreased and 1 was unchanged) thus, the eradication rate was 87.5%. Two strains of bacteria replaced infection causing bacteria. Streptococcus pneumoniae replaced S. pyogenes and S. aureus replaced H. influenzae. No adverse side reactions were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of cefditoren pivoxil in pediatrics]. 815 11

Eighty-two episodes (77 cases) in which any pathogens were isolated from transtracheal aspiration (TTA) and which satisfied the new clinical criteria of acute bacterial bronchitis were clinically evaluated. Major pathogens isolated from TTA included H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and B. catarrhalis. Fever developed in 91.5% of the patients. Sputum volume averaged 16.3 +/- 14.9 ml per day. All the patients suffered from coughs, which were so severe as to disturb sleep in 8.5% of the patients. Inflammatory indices included WBC 9738.0 +/- 3158.5/microliter, CRP 10.1 +/- 7.9 mg/dl and ESR 69.0 +/- 38.8 mm/hr on average, PaO2 fell in most cases. Compared to the group of patients with acute bacterial bronchitis from which a single pathogen was isolated, the numbers of elderly patients and smokers were significantly more in the group of multiple pathogens isolated from TTA. Prior episodes related to the development of acute bacterial bronchitis were upper respiratory inflammation in 46.3% and undergoing bronchoscopy in 4.9% of the patients. Antibiotics therapy cured acute bacterial bronchitis in 96.3% of the patients. In spite of treatment, 3 patients developed pneumonia and died.
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PMID:[Clinical study of acute bacterial bronchitis]. 832 Apr 62

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI, ME 1207) in granules, a new oral cephalosporin, were performed in the field of pediatrics. The results are summarized below. 1. Antibacterial activities: Antibacterial activities of CDTR were studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in comparison with those of cefteram (CFTM), cefixime (CFIX), cefaclor (CCL), cefpodoxime (CPDX) and cefotiam (CTM). MIC80's of CDTR against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and B. catarrhalis were 1.56, 0.39, < or = 0.025, < or = 0.025, 0.05 and 0.20 micrograms/ml, respectively. These results showed that CDTR has high antibacterial activities against these organisms. 2. Absorption and excretion: Serum concentrations and urinary recovery rates of CDTR-PI (administered in granules) were determined. Upon single oral doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, the peak serum concentrations were 0.5-2.45 micrograms/ml at 2 to 4 hours and 1.79-4.05 micrograms/ml at 1 to 4 hours, respectively, and T 1/2 was 1.07-9.67 hours and 0.99-3.00 hours, respectively. At 8 hours after dosing, serum concentrations were 0-0.87 micrograms/ml with a dose of 3 mg/kg and 0.27-0.73 micrograms/ml with 6 mg/kg. These values indicated that the drug has a dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior. Urinary recovery rates in the first 8 hours were 12.9-34.2% with a dose of 3 mg/kg and 11.8-26.9% with 6 mg/kg. 3. Clinical study: Clinical efficacies were examined in a total of 81 cases consisting of 20 cases of acute bronchitis, 13 of acute pneumonia, 21 of tonsillitis, 5 of pharyngitis, 7 of scarlet fever, 2 each of impetigo, otitis media and purulent cervical lymphadenitis, 1 of pertussis and 8 of UTI. The clinical efficacy rate was 97.5% (79/81), and bacteriological eradication rate was 100% (76/76). As for side effects, 2 cases of watery stools and 1 case of minor elevation of GPT were observed.
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefditoren pivoxil in the pediatric field]. 837 96

Cefuroxime axetil is an oral cephalosporin which is rapidly hydrolysed to the active parent compound, cefuroxime. Cefuroxime has a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity which encompasses methicillin-sensitive staphylococci and the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Cefuroxime has broad spectrum activity against the beta-lactamase positive respiratory pathogens H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis; it is also active against penicillin-susceptible and -intermediate strains of S. pneumoniae. In clinical trials, cefuroxime axetil (administered twice daily) has been evaluated in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and has demonstrated similar efficacy to established antibacterial agents, including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefaclor. Five days' treatment with cefuroxime axetil was recently shown to be as effective as 10 days' treatment with either cefuroxime axetil or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in patients with acute otitis media or acute bronchitis. Cefuroxime axetil was at least as effective as phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) in the treatment of patients with group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. A number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of cefuroxime axetil as the oral component of intravenous to oral sequential therapy in hospitalised patients with lower respiratory tract infection. In each study patients received parenteral cefuroxime for approximately 2 days followed by cefuroxime axetil for 5 to 10 days. In comparative studies, cefuroxime sequential therapy was as effective as amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid sequential therapy and full courses of parenteral cefuroxime, cefotiam or cefoperazone. Adults with urinary tract infections and skin infections were also effectively treated with cefuroxime axetil, as were adults and adolescents with early stage lyme disease. Cefuroxime axetil is associated with a low incidence of adverse events, with gastrointestinal disturbances being the most frequently observed. Thus, cefuroxime axetil is an effective and convenient treatment for a wide range of infections and may be considered a therapeutic option when empirical treatment of community-acquired infections is required. Moreover, given the promising results of several intravenous/oral sequential treatment studies, cefuroxime axetil may also become established as an oral component of sequential treatment regimens.
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PMID:Cefuroxime axetil. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. 879 89

In an open, multicentre study, the clinical and bacteriological efficacy, safety and tolerance of azithromycin and roxithromycin were compared in a total of 204 adults with acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) [acute bronchitis, acute infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AIECBs), or pneumonia]. Following treatment with 500 mg/day azithromycin administered orally once daily for 3 days, a satisfactory clinical response of cure or improvement was recorded in 91/99 (91.9%) evaluable patients at the post-therapy evaluation (day 10-14). Of the 94 evaluable patients treated with roxithromycin (150 mg given orally twice daily for 10 days), 82 (87.2%) were classified as cured or improved at post-therapy. The main pathogens isolated before treatment were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus species, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In the 46 azithromycin-treated patients evaluated both clinically and bacteriologically, 92.0% of pathogens were eradicated; H. influenzae persisted in one azithromycin-treated patient with acute bronchitis who was classed as clinically improved. In the roxithromycin group, 81.1% of the pathogens were eradicated in 35 patients; S. aureus persisted in one clinically cured patient with acute bronchitis, and H. influenzae persisted in one patient with AIECB and one with pneumonia, and Haemophilus species in one with AIECB, who were all classified as clinically improved. Azithromycin was well tolerated with a lower incidence of adverse events than that recorded in the roxithromycin treatment group. Treatment was not discontinued due to adverse events in any of the azithromycin-treated patients, whereas two roxithromycin-treated patients were withdrawn from treatment due to vomiting and/or dyspepsia.
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PMID:Efficacy, safety and tolerability of azithromycin versus roxithromycin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections. 881 52

Respiratory infections in Japan have rapidly changed, because pathogenesis has also changed by the increase of compromised hosts and aged people with the development of chemotherapeutic agents and another medical progresses. Various respiratory infections have been accumulated in our clinical department and clinical investigations were done for these diseases during almost 20 years. Firstly, pneumonias in adult T cell leukemia have been very severe and these diseases have occurred with load from pathogenic orophayngeal bacteria to lower respiratory airway. With another clinical studies, these pathogenesis which firstly pathogenic bacteria attach to orophayngeal epithelial cells and would move to lower respiratory airway to infect were given very clear evidences especially for Branhamella and Pneumococcus infections with chronic respiratory infections. The exact clearance of pathogenic orophayngeal bacteria using povidon iode solution was very useful for prevention of these acute or chronic respiratory infections. Although acute bronchitis is very popular, the secondary bacterial pathogens remained to be unknown, in the world. We showed that H. influenzae, S.pneumoniae and B.catarrhalis were common major pathogens as the secondary invading bacteria of acute bronchitis in Japan, Thailand and Bangladesh. Recently, the pathogenesis of severe chronic respiratory infections such as diffuse panbronchiolitis is focused after the development of erythromycin therapy. We gave some evidences of macrolides effectiveness which these drugs inhibited IL-8 production. We described the importance of inflammatory cell classification in sputa or bronchial secretions for deep understanding of inflammatory situation in broncho-bronchiolar airway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:[Respiratory infections--pathogenesis of acute and chronic infections]. 883 Nov 94

We performed a clinical study of 26 cases (27 episodes) of acute respiratory infection with H. influenzae by trans tracheal aspiration (TTA) from May 1987 to April 1995. 15 episodes (14 cases) were bronchitis and 12 episodes (12 cases) were pneumonia. 8 episodes were monomicrobial infection and 19 episodes were polymicrobial infection. Compared to the group of patients of monomicrobial infection, the number of elderly patients and the levels of WBC and CRP were higher in the group of patients of monomicroibal infection. In bronchitis cases, monomicrobial infections of H. influenzae were 7 episodes and polymicrobial infection containing H. influenzae were 8 episodes. In the latter group, PaO2 level was lower and CRP was higher on average. All patients recovered, but the period for treatment was longer in the latter group. In the pneumonia group, only one episode was monomicrobal infection and 11 episodes were polymicrobial infection. Inspite of treatment, one patient died. It was considered that polymicrobial infection was an important factor of acute respiratory infection with H. influenzae.
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PMID:[A clinical features of acute respiratory infection with Haemophilus influenzae by transtracheal aspiration]. 889 May 48

We have performed a clinical study on chronic lower respiratory tract infection (CLRTI) with Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) by transtracheal aspiration (TTA) and analyzed clinical factors of the acute exacerbation. In 40 episodes (38 cases) of H. influenzae isolated from CLRTI, monobacterial infection with H. influenzae were 21 episodes and polymicrobial infection were 19 episodes. We classified the disease into acute exacerbated (27 episodes) and stable (13 episodes) phase and the former episodes were divided into bronchitis type (7 episodes) and pneumonia type (20 episodes). Polymicrobial infections were seen more in the pneumonia type (13 episodes) than in the bronchitis type (2 episodes). The principal organism detected with H. influenzae were alpha-Streptococcus and Neisseria sp. in the bronchitis type and S. pneumoniae in the pneumonia type. The acute exacerbated cases were divided into the following 4 patterns; 1. polymicrobial infection with continuous infection of P. aeruginosa, 2. monomicrobial infection after acute upper respiratory tract infection, 3. polymicrobial infection with S. pneumoniae after continuous infection of H. influenzae, 4. bacterial replacement by P. aeruginosa after acute exacerbation. The results of the study suggests that polymicrobial infection is an important chronic lower respiratory tract infection when caused H. influenzae.
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PMID:[A clinical study of chronic lower respiratory infection with Haemophilus influenza by transtracheal aspiration]. 892 78

The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 76 nonserotypable Haemophilus influenzae (biotypes I-IV) from patients with chronic bronchitis were compared against ten orally administered antimicrobial agents. In addition the sputum ampicillin concentrations one hour after standard therapy were determined in five patients with chronic bronchitis. Ampicillin resistance was demonstrated in one strain (biotype IV) which produced beta-lactamase and two strains (biotype II) with innate resistance (MIC = 4 mg/l). Resistance to trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and cefaclor was not detected. The incidence of resistance to tetracycline was 0.5% and cephalexin 13.2%. A high incidence of resistance to erythromycin (95%) was noted. There was no association between resistance and biotype of nonserotypable H. influenzae. The sputum ampicillin concentrations from four out of five patients given standard antibiotic doses were shown to be sufficient to inhibit the growth of the majority of nonserotypable H. influenzae strains one hour after treatment. This study shows that the incidence of nonserotypable H. influenzae resistant to ampicillin is low in this community but that resistance levels to erythromycin, commonly prescribed for the management of acute bronchitis, are high. Regular sensitivity screens are important in monitoring the value of various antibiotic regimens in the management of acute bronchitis.
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PMID:In vitro susceptibility patterns of nonserotypable Haemophilus influenzae from patients with chronic bronchitis. 909 83


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