Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the determination of the etiology of acute bronchitis in children, a complex of microbiological and immunological methods should be used. The isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae at a concentration of greater than or equal to 10(4) cels/ml from tracheobronchial washings is the early and most significant method for the determination of the etiology and therapy of acute bronchitis. On the basis of microbiological and immunobiological criteria, the etiological role of S. pneumoniae has been determined in 78% of patients and that of H. influenzae, in 48% of patients, mainly in association with pneumococci.
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PMID:[Immunological research and criteria for determining the etiology of acute bronchitis in young children]. 310 4

The etiological appearance of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was investigated in 117 patients. A combined study was aimed at the detection of viral, mycoplasmal, fungal and bacterial endobronchial infections. The etiological role of the latter was verified by a pathogen isolated from the sputum. Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis was determined by bacterial (79%) and/or viral (55%) infections, mostly by pneumococcal infection (45%), H. influenzae (30%), and influenza (31%). The role of pyogenic cocci was minimal (2%). Exacerbation of chronic purulent endobronchitis was more frequently caused by H. influenzae than in catarrhal bronchitis. In 9% of the patients the infectious etiology of an inflammatory bronchial process could not be established.
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PMID:[Etiologic structure of exacerbations in chronic bronchitis]. 323 89

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on sultamicillin (SBTPC) fine granule were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Antibacterial activities of SBTPC against clinically isolated strains of Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Branhamella catarrhalis, and Escherichia coli were compared with those of ampicillin (ABPC). SBTPC was superior to ABPC especially against beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae, E. coli, S. aureus, and B. catarrhalis. 2. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion rates of sulbactam (SBT) and ABPC after administration of SBTPC fine granule at a dose level of 10 mg/kg in 2 cases were determined. Mean half-lives of SBT and ABPC in the serum following oral administration were about 1.33 and 1.61 hours respectively. Mean urinary recovery rates of SBT and ABPC in 6 hours after oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg were 58.7% and 49.6% respectively. 3. SBTPC fine granule was administered to 20 pediatric patients with various bacterial infections (pneumonia 8 cases, bronchitis 2, pharyngitis 2, tonsillitis 4, subcutaneous abscess 1 and urinary tract infection 3). The overall clinical efficacy rate was 100% and the overall bacteriological eradication rate was 75%. 4. No adverse reactions were observed except 1 case of loose stool. No abnormal laboratory test values were observed. These results indicate the usefulness of SBTPC fine granule in the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies of sultamicillin fine granule in pediatric field]. 324 62

Flomoxef (FMOX, 6315-S), a new antibacterial drug, was administered to 9 cases with respiratory tract infections for a duration of 8 approximately 16 days at a daily dose of 2 g. Diagnosis of these patients were bronchopneumonia 5 cases, chronic bronchitis 3 cases and acute bronchitis 1 case. From transtracheal aspiration several organisms were isolated; Haemophilus influenzae was isolated in 3 cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 3 cases, H. influenzae plus Branhamella catarrhalis in 1 case, Streptococcus dysgalactiae plus Neisseria meningitidis in 1 case and Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum in 1 case. The clinical efficacy was good in all 9 cases, the efficacy rate was 100%. All the bacteria were eliminated. Side effects were not observed. From these results, it appears that FMOX is a valuable drug in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluations of flomoxef in respiratory tract infections]. 344 19

In the microbiological examination of 132 children aged 0-3 years with acute bronchitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae at a concentration of greater than or equal to 10(4) cells/ml, as well as different species of opportunistic bacteria, were isolated from tracheobronchial washings obtained from 100 of these children. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were found to play the leading role in the etiology of the acute bacterial inflammatory process in acute bronchitis in children.
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PMID:[Etiology of acute bronchitis in young children]. 349 5

In an open clinical trial, out-patients with respiratory tract infections were given 200 mg ofloxacin b. i. d. orally. 36 had acute bronchitis and pneumonia was diagnosed in 44. The average duration of therapy was nine days for bronchitis and 12 days for pneumonia. In the sputum of bronchitis patients, Haemophilus influenzae (n = 25), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 18), Branhamella catarrhalis (n = 2) and Pasteurella multocida (n = 1) were isolated. 17 H. influenzae and 12 S. pneumoniae were eliminated. All 20 S. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with pneumonia were eliminated. A cure or improvement of clinical symptoms was seen in 32 of 36 cases of bronchitis and in 33 of 44 cases of pneumonia treated with ofloxacin.
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PMID:[Respiratory tract infections--clinical results with ofloxacin]. 351 72

Clinical evaluation and kinetics in serum of cefoperazone (CPZ) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections have been conducted as a multicenter trial participated by 20 institutions in Kyushu area during a period of 8 months from October 1984 to May 1985. Mean serum CPZ levels up to 4 hours following the end of intravenous infusion of either 1 or 2 g CPZ remained higher than the MIC80 of CPZ against major causative organisms of lower respiratory tract infections such as H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae. Serum half-lives of CPZ following intravenous infusion were prolonged in the elderly and in patients who showed moderate liver or kidney dysfunction, but did not exceed twofold of normal value. Clinical efficacy rates of CPZ were 82.9% (34/41) against pneumonia, 80% (4/5) against lung abscess, 88.9% (32/36) against acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 66.7% (2/3) against panbronchiolitis, 100% (1/1) against acute bronchitis, and 85.7% (12/14), 64.3% (9/14) and 70.0% (7/10) against infections concurrent to chronic respiratory diseases, pulmonary emphysema and bronchiectasis, respectively. The overall efficacy rate was 81.5% (101/124). Bacteriological eradication rates against P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were 60% (6/10), 88.9% (8/9) and 100% (3/3), respectively. The overall eradication rate including polymicrobial infection was 67.5% (27/40). The clinical efficacy rate of CPZ in patients with underlying diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and pneumoconiosis, etc. was not significantly different from the efficacy rate in patients without these underlying diseases. Of 20 patients who failed to respond to previous antibiotic treatments, 13 were effectively treated by CPZ. Adverse reactions occurred in 6.7% (11/164) of the patients, and consisted primarily of rash, fever, diarrhea and loose stool. Laboratory abnormalities were seen in 5 patients during the study. These included elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT, eosinophilia and neutropenia. CPZ is a very useful drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections because of its excellent clinical efficacy and rare incidence of abnormal accumulations in sera following the recommended 2-4 g/day administration even in the elderly.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefoperazone in lower respiratory tract infections]. 354 33

Fundamental and clinical studies on cefuzonam (L-105, CZON), a newly semisynthesized cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics and the following results were obtained. Antibacterial activities of CZON against clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and H. influenzae were compared with those of cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX), cefoperazone (CPZ), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotiam (CTM) and cefazolin (CEZ). CZON was nearly as active as CEZ against S. aureus and S. epidermidis and superior to other antibiotics against other Gram-positive cocci. Against Gram-negative rods, CZON was as active as CMX and superior to other 5 antibiotics compared. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion rates after intravenous bolus injection of CZON at doses of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for 5 minutes in 1, 5 and 4 cases, respectively, were determined. Mean serum concentrations of CZON at these dose levels were 11.0, 43.8 and 111.5 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 2.4, 10.3 and 30.3 micrograms/ml at 1 hour and 0.17, 0.72 and 1.28 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, with serum half-lives of 1.79, 0.88 and 1.19 hours, respectively. Mean cumulative urinary excretion rates within 6 hours after administration were 47.9, 56.3 and 40.3%, respectively. Thirty-four pediatric patients with various bacterial infections (tonsillitis 2, acute bronchitis 1, pneumonia 14, pyothorax 1, sepsis 1, suppurative lymphadenitis 1, UTI 13 and enteritis 1) were treated with CZON at a daily dose of 40-94 mg/kg t.i.d. or q.i.d.. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 94.1%. No adverse reactions were observed except 2 cases with mild diarrhea. Abnormal laboratory findings were also mild; slight elevation of GOT and GPT in 2, eosinophilia in 1 and thrombocytosis in 1. These results clearly indicate the usefulness of CZON in the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefuzonam in the field of pediatrics]. 359 89

A newly developed cephalosporin, cefixime (CFIX), was evaluated clinically in 35 pediatric patients. A pharmacokinetic study was also performed with 11 patients. CFIX was administered as granules. The pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 11 patients, each of 6 patients was given CFIX at a dose of 3 mg/kg and each of the remaining patients was given CFIX at 6 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of CFIX were measured at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours after dosing. Urinary concentrations of CFIX were measured for periods of 0-6 and 6-12 hours after dosing. CFIX was assayed by the disk method using E. coli ATCC 39188 as the test organism. The clinical evaluation was conducted in 35 children including 5 patients of acute tonsillitis, 10 of acute lacunar tonsillitis, 1 of purulent lymphadenitis, 1 of scarlet fever, 8 of acute bronchitis, 5 of pneumonia, 3 of urinary tract infections and 1 of paratyphoid B. One additional patient was included only in the evaluation of safety since he was suffering from Mycoplasma pneumonia. the patients were from 4 months to 8 years 2 months old and 11 of them were inpatients. Daily doses were from 6.0 to 13.5 mg/kg. After CFIX administration in doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, peak serum concentrations were 1.75 and 3.36 micrograms/ml, half-lives were 2.65 and 2.86 hours and urinary excretions rates up to 12 hours after dosing were 16.1 and 12.4%, respectively. Serum concentrations were dose dependent and the half-life was fairly long compared with other known oral cephalosporins. Clinical efficacies of CFIX in 34 patients were "excellent" in 25 children, "good" in 8 and "poor" in 1 with effectiveness rate of 97.1%. Twenty-two strains of causative organisms, including 6 strains of S. aureus, 3 of S. pyogenes, 2 of S. pneumoniae, 3 of E. coli, 5 of H. influenzae, 2 of H. parainfluenzae and 1 of S. paratyphi B, were isolated. After treatment all strains except 2 strains of S. aureus (one was unknown and the other was decreased), 1 strain of S. pneumoniae (unknown) and 1 strain of H. influenzae (unknown) were successfully eradicated but S. paratyphi B was proved again in feces 9 days after treatment. No adverse reaction was observed. Among 18 children who went through laboratory test, however, an elevation of eosinophile and elevations of GOT and GPT were observed in 2 children and 1 child, respectively.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of cefixime granules in pediatrics]. 376 35

Fundamental and clinical studies were carried out on cefixime (CFIX) 5% granules, and the results are summarized below. Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial activities of CFIX, cefaclor, cefroxadine, cephalexin and amoxicillin (AMPC) were studied against clinical isolates. CFIX showed greater activities than all the other antibiotics against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae and S. marcescens, but it was slightly less active than AMPC against S. pyogenes. Absorption and excretion Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of CFIX were determined following single or repeated oral administration. In 8 patients given single dose of CFIX 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg, mean serum concentrations were 1.27 and 1.09 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 1.27 and 1.35 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 0.85 and 1.10 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 0.17 and 0.24 micrograms/ml 12 hours after administration, respectively. Mean serum half-lives were 2.54 hours for the dose of 1.5 mg/kg and 2.60 hours for 3.0 mg/kg. Urinary recovery rates in the 12-hours urine varied 6.7 to 33.6%, with an average of 13.5%. In 3 patients given a repeated dose of CFIX 3.0 or 5.6 mg/kg b.i.d., the serum concentrations were 0.23-1.01 micrograms/ml at 0 hour, 1.91-2.80 micrograms/ml at 2-4 hours and 1.13-2.07 micrograms/ml at 6-8 hours after administration. Clinical study The CFIX was given orally by mainly b.i.d. at a daily dose of 4.4-11.6 mg/kg for 4-15 days to a total of 33 patients consisting of 3 patients with pneumonia, 3 with bronchitis, 9 with tonsillitis, 15 with UTI, one each with scarlet fever, lymphadenitis and colitis. Clinical responses were excellent in 24 patients, good in 8 and fair in 1, with an effectiveness rate of 97.0%. All of the 21 bacterial isolates examined were eradicated after CFIX treatments including 3 beta-lactamase producing strains. No side effects of abnormal laboratory findings were observed in these patients.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefixime (5% granules) in the pediatric field]. 376 37


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