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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is estimated that more than 1 million workers worldwide perform some type of welding as part of their work duties. Epidemiology studies have shown that a large number of welders experience some type of respiratory illness. Respiratory effects seen in full-time welders have included bronchitis, siderosis, asthma, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Pulmonary infections are increased in terms of severity, duration, and frequency among welders. Inhalation exposure to welding fumes may vary due to differences in the materials used and methods employed. The chemical properties of welding fumes can be quite complex. Most welding materials are alloy mixtures of metals characterized by different steels that may contain iron, manganese, chromium, and nickel. Animal studies have indicated that the presence and combination of different metal constituents is an important determinant in the potential pneumotoxic responses associated with welding fumes. Animal models have demonstrated that stainless steel (SS) welding fumes, which contain significant levels of nickel and chromium, induce more lung injury and inflammation, and are retained in the lungs longer than mild steel (MS) welding fumes, which contain mostly iron. In addition, SS fumes generated from welding processes using fluxes to protect the resulting weld contain elevated levels of soluble metals, which may affect respiratory health. Recent animal studies have indicated that the lung injury and inflammation induced by SS welding fumes that contain water-soluble metals are dependent on both the soluble and insoluble fractions of the fume. This article reviews the role that metals play in the pulmonary effects associated with welding fume exposure in workers and laboratory animals.
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PMID:Pulmonary responses to welding fumes: role of metal constituents. 1468 Oct 78

Several expert committees recommend a high fluid intake in patients with chronic bronchitis and asthma. Is there a relationship between fluid intake or hydration status and broncho-pulmonary disorders like bronchitis and asthma? First, basic physiologic mechanisms like regulation of lung fluid balance and water transport at pulmonary surfaces were analyzed, in order to characterize the role of local hydration status in lung and airways. Second, making use of the computer-based literature searches (PubMed), evidence for a role of hydration status in complex physiological and pathophysiological conditions of lungs and airways like perinatal lung adaptation (PLA) (in prematures), mucociliary clearance(MC) and asthma was categorized. The movement of fluid between the airspaces, interstitium, and vascular compartments in the lungs plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of hydration and protection of the lung epithelium and significantly contributes to a proper airway clearance. PLA is characterized by a rapid change from fluid secretion to fluid absorption in the distal respiratory tract, with the literature data confirming a critical role of the epithelial sodium channel. Only few studies have investigated the effect of different fluid input regimens on PLA in prematures. MC relies on the interaction between epithelial water fluxes, mucus secretions, and ciliary activity. Whereas animal data show that drying of the airway epithelium decreases MC, few clinical studies investigating the effect of local or systemic hydration on MC have led to ambiguous results. Asthma (A) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and episodic airway obstruction. Data in animals and humans indicate an association between exercise-induced-A and conditioning (humidity and heat exchange) of inspired air. However, epidemiological studies (children and adults), investigating the role of fluid (and salt) input in the etiology of the disease as well as studies analyzing different markers of hydration status during asthmatic attacks have so far led to conflicting results. Some expert groups recommend sufficient hydration as a complementary A-therapy. Analysis of basic physiological mechanisms in lungs and airways clearly demonstrates a critical role for water transport and local hydration status. In broncho-pulmonary diseases, however, analysis of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms is difficult. Thus, we still need more studies to confirm or refute mild dehydration or hypohydration as a risk factor of broncho-pulmonary disorders.
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PMID:Mild dehydration: a risk factor of broncho-pulmonary disorders? 1468 18

The plant Mentha piperita, or peppermint, is commonly used in the treatment of loss of appetite, common cold, bronchitis, sinusitis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and indigestion as a herbal agent. In this study, we aimed to investigate biochemical and histological effects of M. piperita Labiatae, growing in the Yenisar Bademli town of Isparta city, and Mentha spicata Labiatae, growing in the Anamas high plateau of the Yenisar Bademli town, on the rat liver tissue. Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used for this study. Rats were divided into four groups of 12 animals: Group I received no herbal tea (control group); Group II received 20 g/L M. piperita tea; Group III received 20 g/L M. spicata tea; and Group IV received 40 g/L M. spicata tea. Herbal teas were prepared daily and provided at all times to the rats during 30 days as drinking water. Liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) activities were measured. To evaluate liver antioxidant defences, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) activities were determined in the homogenates of liver tissue. In addition, liver tissues were submitted for histopathologic examination. AST and ALT activities were increased in Group II, Group III and Group IV gradually when compared with the control group. The difference between Group II and the control group was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). Increases in AST and ALT activities of Group III and Group IV were statistically significant when compared with the control group. SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were increased in Group II when compared with the control group but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). However, SOD, GSH-Px activities and the TBARS level were significantly increased, and CAT activity was significantly decreased in Group III when compared with the control group. In Group IV, while SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were decreased, the TBARS level was increased as compared with the control group (P < 0.0016). Histopathological evaluation of experimental groups revealed a mild to severe degree of hepatic damage when compared to the control group. In Group II, there was only minimal hepatocytes degeneration. In Groups III and IV, there were granular or ballooning hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, sinusoidal and central vein dilatation. It was concluded that lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage occurs after M. piperita and M. spicata administration in rat liver and the damage seems to be dose dependent.
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PMID:Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita Labiatae and Mentha spicata Labiatae on liver tissue in rats. 1502 12

Clobazam (Castillium, Urbanil), a benzodiazepine often used as an anxiolytic and in the treatment of epilepsy, is considered a relatively safe drug. The authors present a fatal case with a 49-year-old female, found dead at home. She had been undergoing psychiatric treatment and was a chronic alcoholic. The autopsy findings were unremarkable, except for multivisceral congestion, steatosis and a small piece of a plastic blister pack in the stomach. Bronchopneumonia, bronchitis and bronchiolitis were also diagnosed. Anhigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/diode array detector (DAD)/mass spectrometry detection (MSD) with electrospray method was developed in order to detect, confirm and quantify clobazam in the post-mortem samples. In the chromatographic separation, a reversed-phase column C18 (2.1 x 150 mm, 3.5 microm) was used with a mobile phase of methanol and water, at a 0.25 ml/min flow rate. Carbonate buffer (pH 10.5) and 20 microl of prazepam (100 microg/ml) as internal standard were added to the samples. A simple and reliable liquid-liquid extraction method for the determination of clobazam in post-mortem samples was described. Calibration curves for clobazam were performed in blood, achieving linearity between 0.01 and 10 microg/ml and a detection limit of 1.0 ng/ml. The clobazam concentration found in post-mortem blood was 3.9 microg/ml, higher than the reported therapeutic concentration (0.1-0.4 microg/ml). The simultaneous acquisition by photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry detection results allowed benzodiazepines to be identified with sufficient certainty. An examination of all the available information suggested that death resulted from respiratory depression due to clobazam toxicity.
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PMID:Forensic intoxication with clobazam: HPLC/DAD/MSD analysis. 1524 45

The objective of this study was to describe the health status of people living in the slums of Nairobi. It was designed as a cross-sectional study based on data from visitors at a clinic at Trnava University located in Mukuru slum in Nairobi. There were about 16,000 visits registered at Mary Immaculate Clinic of Trnava University in Nairobi during 2 years of operation. A random 5% sample was drawn from the paper-card database of this clinic to assess basic characteristics and health complaints of visitors. Both self-reported health complaints and diagnoses written by physicians were used to assess health status of participants. More females with average age (by slum) ranging from 20.46 to 21.30 years than males with average age ranging from (by slum) 15.86 to 19.49 years are the visitors of the clinic. The major self-reported health complaints of visitors were cough, abdominal pain, and headache for both sexes. The most frequent diagnoses were consequently virosis, acute respiratory infections, and bronchitis. Differences in health complaints by slums were observed and are described herein. The major health complaints and diagnoses in addition to the differences in health complaints and diagnoses by slum show that environmental conditions can have major influences on health status. Therefore, environmental improvements are important in the improvement of health status. A very high prevalence of respiratory complaints and gastrointestinal problems signify that improvements in air pollution reduction, drinking water provision, and waste management in slums can lead to more significant and sustainable improvements in health status than just simple treatment. This fact should be taken into account when planning future relief programs.
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PMID:Health status of people of slums in Nairobi, Kenya. 1532 82

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions are known as most effective adjuvants to generate high and durable antibody responses to vaccine antigens following a single immunization. However, their structural requirements remain poorly understood. Here we addressed the significance of certain pharmaceutical characteristics including water/oil ratios--ranging from 60/40 to 30/70 (w/w(%))--droplet size and type of oil, i.e. non-metabolizable (mineral oil) versus metabolizable (Miglyol 840). Stability of emulsions was accomplished by the use of a polymeric emulsifier. Distinct W/O emulsions were formulated with inactivated (i) infectious bronchitis virus (iIBV) and Newcastle disease virus (iNDV), and evaluated in immunized chickens for magnitude and duration of in vivo antiviral antibody formation and local reactions. A high mineral oil content proved most effective for antibody response formation. In general, a larger droplet size evoked higher antibody responses for both oil types. Inoculum residues proved lower using biodegradable Miglyol, when compared to mineral oil, for all emulsion variants. Especially water-to-oil ratio and droplet size may provide useful parameters for improving (antiviral) antibody production by W/O emulsions.
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PMID:Structure-activity relations of water-in-oil vaccine formulations and induced antigen-specific antibody responses. 1562 Apr 79

As a part of an interdisciplinary research and action programme, morbidity and nutritional patterns were assessed in three nomadic communities: Fulani and Arab cattle breeders and Arab camel breeders, of two prefectures in Chad. The predominant morbidity pattern of Chadian nomadic pastoralists (representing approximately 10% of the total population of the country) had not been documented so far. A total of 1092 women, men and children was examined by a physician and interviewed during two surveys in the dry season and one in the wet season (1999--2000). Participants with no complaint were rare. Pulmonary disorders (e.g. bronchitis) were most often diagnosed for children under 5 years of age. Of the adult participants, 4.6% were suspected of tuberculosis. Febrile diarrhoea occurred more often during the wet season when access to clean drinking water was precarious. Malaria was only rarely clinically diagnosed among Arabs during the dry season, whereas Fulani, who stayed in the vicinity of Lake Chad, were also affected during this period. A 24-h dietary recall showed that less Arab women than men consumed milk during the dry season (66% versus 92%). Malnutrition was only documented for 3 out of 328 children (0--14 years). Arab women in childbearing age had a higher proportion of children not surviving when compared to Fulani women (0.2 versus 0.07). This study identified several implications for reseach and interventions in nomadic settings. Innovative and integrated health services for nomads can possibly be extended to many settings as nomadic pastoralists have in common a similar way of life driven by the needs of their animals.
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PMID:Morbidity and nutrition patterns of three nomadic pastoralist communities of Chad. 1586 6

Mammalian interleukin-18 (IL-18) is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in innate immune responses to microbial infection preceding the induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses. We assessed the potential of Escherichia coli-expressed His-tag purified recombinant chicken IL-18 (rHis-ChIL-18) as a potentiator of vaccine-induced immune responses in 3 week-old SPF chickens and compared it with several commonly used traditional immunostimulating adjuvants. We found that rHis-ChIL-18 significantly enhanced antibody responses to Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxoid and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigens, comparable to the Al(OH)3-gel, Miglyol and chitosan adjuvant. However, antibody responses were lower than water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions and combinations of rHis-ChIL-18 with Al(OH)3-gel, Miglyol or chitosan. Improved HI-titers for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were not noted. We conclude that rHis-ChIL-18, when delivered in the proper context, is a novel and safe immunostimulator in chickens.
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PMID:Potentiation of humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens by recombinant chicken IL-18 (rChIL-18). 1591 41

This study analyzed a total of 1482 arsenicosis patients living in 6 of 496 upzilas (sub-districts) of Bangladesh, who were identified through household screening and then confirmed by a trained medical team headed by medical officer. Melanosis was common (97%) among them but about two-thirds (68.7%) of the patients were suffering from keratosis. Average age was 36 years and average duration of arsenic symptoms was 3 (median) years. About 50% of the patients had been drinking tubewell water more than 24 years. Melanosis was significantly associated with younger patients (P=0.031), shallower tubewell (P=0.005), and complication of conjunctivitis (P<0.001). Keratosis was also significantly associated with older age (P=0.022), shallower tubewell (P<0.001), complication of conjunctivitis (P<0.001), bronchitis (P<0.001), loss of appetite (P<0.001), and wasting (P<0.001). Duration of arsenic symptoms was significantly associated with older age (P<0.001), male (P=0.002), married (P<0.001), smoking (P=0.002), longer duration of consuming tubewell water (P<0.001), complication of conjunctivitis (P=0.002), loss of appetite (P<0.001), wasting (P=0.006), and social problem faced having arsenicosis (P=0.040). Multivariate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) indicated that keratosis (OR=2.00; 95% CI: 1.56-2.56) was significantly associated with longer duration of arsenic symptoms; loss of appetite (OR=1.40; 95% CI: 1.12-1.74) was a significant complication for longer duration. Similarly smoking (OR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.06-1.68) was positively associated with longer duration of arsenic symptom. These findings will help the policy makers of Bangladesh to understand about the factors that may affect the severity condition of the patients through prolongation of arsenic symptoms.
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PMID:Manifestation of arsenicosis patients and factors determining the duration of arsenic symptoms in Bangladesh. 1616 63

Respiratory effects observed in welders have included lung function changes, metal fume fever, bronchitis, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the causality and possible underlying mechanisms associated with the potential toxic effects of welding fume inhalation. The objective of the present study was to construct a completely automated, computer-controlled welding fume generation and inhalation exposure system to simulate real workplace exposures. The system comprised a programmable six-axis robotic welding arm, a water-cooled arc welding torch, and a wire feeder that supplied the wire to the torch at a programmed rate. For the initial studies, gas metal arc welding was performed using a stainless steel electrode. A flexible trunk was attached to the robotic arm of the welder and was used to collect and transport fume from the vicinity of the arc to the animal exposure chamber. Undiluted fume concentrations consistently ranged from 90-150 mg/m(3) in the animal chamber during welding. Temperature and humidity remained constant in the chamber during the welding operation. The welding particles were composed of (from highest to lowest concentration) iron, chromium, manganese, and nickel as measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Size distribution analysis indicated the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the generated particles to be approximately 0.24 microm with a geometric standard deviation (sigma(g)) of 1.39. As determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the generated aerosols were mostly arranged as chain-like agglomerates of primary particles. Characterization of the laboratory-generated welding aerosol has indicated that particle morphology, size, and chemical composition are comparable to stainless steel welding fume generated in other studies. With the development of this novel system, it will be possible to establish an animal model using controlled welding exposures from automated gas metal arc and flux-cored arc welding processes to investigate how welding fumes affect health.
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PMID:Design, construction, and characterization of a novel robotic welding fume generator and inhalation exposure system for laboratory animals. 1653 Dec 92


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