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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors studied the rate of relief in cases of moderate, reversible airway obstruction after Furosemide administration. They examined 25 patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis (mean age 49 years). They found out that intravenous administration of Furosemide to patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis has a significant bronchodilating effect. The reduction of interstitial lung water and the decrease in congestion of airways mucosa in latent left ventricular failure may be the possible explanations of this phenomenon. After administration of Furosemide by inhalation, a mild decrease in airway obstruction was observed in asthmatic patients. The influence of Na+/K+/Cl- transport in the bronchial epithelium, or changes in PGE2 are supposed to represent the effective mechanisms. The authors conclude that Furosemide given intravenously to patients with moderate airflow limitation in connection with lung function tests may be helpful in the diagnosis of the nature of airway obstruction.
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PMID:[The furosemide test in diagnosis of the cause of bronchial obstruction]. 1172 13

Azorella compacta, Azorella yareta and Laretia acaulis (Apiaceae) are native species from the high Andes Mountains, northeastern Chile, and they have being traditionally used to treat asthma, colds and bronchitis, illnesses with inflammation and pain as the main symptoms. Interestingly, there are no scientific reports available on their benefits or toxicity. This study was carried out with the purpose of validating the medicinal use of these species and to discover anti-inflammatory and analgesic new molecules. As a working hypothesis, we have proposed that these medicinal species contain bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In this context, azorellanol, 13-hydroxy-7-oxoazorellane and 7-deacetylazorellanol, three diterpenoids previously isolated only from these plants, were subjected to farmaco-toxicological evaluation. Their topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities along with acute toxicities or innocuosness were also investigated. Our results indicate the absence of toxic and side effects in mice. All compounds presented dose-related inhibition of pain. 13-hydroxy-7-oxoazorellane was the most potent analgesic but it was less effective than sodium naproxen, the reference drug. Azorellanol exhibited the highest topical anti-inflammatory potency on AA (arachidonic acid) and TPA (12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate) induced oedema, and it effect was similar to the reference drugs (nimesulide and indomethacin). Probably, its mechanism of action could be explained through the inhibition to cyclo-oxygenase activity. Our results corroborate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of these species, and it justifies their use in folk medicine.
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PMID:Pharmaco-toxicological study of diterpenoids. 1262 45

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are widely distributed in human airways. They couple to G- proteins and are activated after proteolytic cleavage of the N terminus of the receptor. Evidence is growing that PAR subtype 2 plays a pivotal role in inflammatory airway diseases, such as allergic asthma or bronchitis. However, nothing is known about the effects of PAR-2 on electrolyte transport in the native airways. PAR-2 is expressed in airway epithelial cells, where they are activated by mast cell tryptase, neutrophil proteinase 3, or trypsin. Recent studies produced conflicting results about the functional consequence of PAR-2 stimulation. Here we report that stimulation of PAR-2 receptors in mouse and human airways leads to a change in electrolyte transport and a shift from absorption to secretion. Although PAR-2 appears to be expressed on both sides of the epithelium, only basolateral stimulation results in inhibition of amiloride sensitive Na+ conductance and stimulation of both luminal Cl- channels and basolateral K+ channels. The present data indicate that these changes occur through activation of phospholipase C and increase in intracellular Ca2+, which activates basolateral SK4 K+ channels and luminal Ca2+-dependent Cl- channels. In addition, the present data suggest a PAR-2 mediated release of prostaglandin E2, which may contribute to the secretory response. In conclusion, these results provide further evidence for a role of PAR-2 in inflammatory airway disease: stimulation of these receptors may cause accumulation of airway surface liquid, which, however, may help to flush noxious stimuli away from the affected airways.
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PMID:Control of ion transport in mammalian airways by protease activated receptors type 2 (PAR-2). 1580 58

A capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed for fingerprint determination of allantoic fluid in specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. The effects of some crucial parameters, such as buffer type, pH, wavelength and running voltage on the separation were studied systematically. The components of the allantoic fluid were well separated using a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an effective length of 50 cm and an internal diameter of 50 microm. One hundred millimolars sodium tetraborate buffer containing 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate with a final pH 9.8 was used as a running buffer. Comparative fingerprints of allantoic fluid in normal and infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) SPF embryonated chicken eggs were also evaluated. The results showed that there were significant differences between composition of normal allantoic fluid and allantoic fluid infected with IBV, which led to different migration behavior. This method was shown to be stable and reproducible with a relative standard deviation of less than 5% for both migration time and peak current.
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PMID:Capillary zone electrophoresis method for fingerprint of allantoic fluid in normal and infected SPF embryonated chicken eggs. 1705 91

Three strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae namely NTHi-I, NTHi-II and NTHi-III were isolated from the sputum of patients with bronchitis and identified by biochemical, serological and electron microscopy. The polypeptide patterns of isolates were compared and found to have similar sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) polypeptide patterns, although some of the bands were specific in some strains. A similar comparison was made on extracted outer membrane proteins (OMPs) on the above mentioned strains, using Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyle sulphate (SDS). It was found that the polypeptides with molecular weights of 70, 42, 33 and 27 KDa were identified as P1, P2, P4 and P5 respectively. The protein estimation of crude OMPs from the three strains were calculated, and OPM-I prepared from NTHi-I showed the highest amount of protein and was chosen for its immunogenicity in a rat respiratory model. The efficacy of immunization with OMP was determined by enhancement of pulmonary clearance of live bacteria in the rat lung. A significant protective immune response induced by OMP was observed by enhanced respiratory clearance of nontypeable H. influenzae following mucosal immunization.
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PMID:Efficacy of immunization with outer membrane proteins for induction of pulmonary clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a rat respiratory model. 1723 77

In previous studies, we have shown that two major respiratory pathogens, influenza virus and parainfluenza virus, produce acute alterations in ion transport upon contacting the apical membrane of the respiratory epithelium. In the present study, we examine the effects on ion transport by the mouse tracheal epithelium of a third major respiratory pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV infections are associated with fluid accumulation in the respiratory tract and cause illnesses that range in severity from rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and bronchitis to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. We find that within minutes of RSV contacting the apical membrane; it inhibits amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport by the epithelium. This effect is mediated by protein kinase C and is reproduced by recombinant viral F (fusion) protein. Since this inhibition is not accompanied by any alteration in the epithelial responses to carbachol or to forskolin plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), it is not due to a nonspecific toxic action of the virus. The inhibition also appears to require Toll-like receptor 4 and the presence of asialogangliosides in the apical membrane. Since the concentration range over which this inhibition is observed (10(2) to 10(5) PFU/ml) is comparable to the viral concentrations observed in clinical and experimental RSV infections, it seems likely that direct inhibition by the virus of epithelial Na+ transport may contribute to the fluid accumulation that is observed in RSV infections.
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PMID:Inhibition of airway Na+ transport by respiratory syncytial virus. 1728 65

Chlorine bleach or sodium hypochlorite can inactivate common indoor allergens. In this cross-sectional study we evaluated to what extent regular house cleaning with bleach can influence the risks of respiratory and allergic diseases in children. We studied a group of 234 schoolchildren aged 10-13 yr among whom 78 children were living in a house cleaned with bleach at least once per week. Children examination included a questionnaire, an exercise-induced bronchoconstriction test and the measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and of serum total and aeroallergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E, Clara cell protein (CC16) and surfactant-associated protein D (SP-D). Children living in a house regularly cleaned with bleach were less likely to have asthma (OR, 0.10; CI, 0.02-0.51), eczema (OR, 0.22; CI, 0.06-0.79) and of being sensitized to indoor aeroallergens (OR, 0.53; CI, 0.27-1.02), especially house dust mite (OR, 0.43; CI, 0.19-0.99). These protective effects were independent of gender, ethnicity, previous respiratory infections, total serum IgE level and of family history of allergic diseases. They were however abolished by parental smoking, which also interacted with the use of bleach to increase the risk of recurrent bronchitis (OR, 2.03; CI, 1.12-3.66). House cleaning with bleach had effect neither on the sensitization to pollen allergens, nor on the levels of exhaled NO and of serum CC16 and SP-D. House cleaning with chlorine bleach appears to protect children from the risks of asthma and of sensitization to indoor allergens while increasing the risk of recurrent bronchitis through apparently an interaction with parental smoking. As chlorine bleach is one of the most effective cleaning agent to be found, these observations argue against the idea conveyed by the hygiene hypothesis that cleanliness per se increases the risk of asthma and allergy.
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PMID:House cleaning with chlorine bleach and the risks of allergic and respiratory diseases in children. 1729 96

To develop new differential and diagnostic markers of different types of bronchopulmonary diseases, sodium-lithium countertransport through the red blood cell membrane was studied in 119 children, including 30 patients with bronchitis, 21 with pneumonia, and 68 apparently healthy children (a control group). The majority of patients with pneumonia were found to have the maximum high sodium-lithium countertransport rate as compared with patients with bronchitis, although high sodium-lithium countertransport rates are generally typical of children with bronchopulmonary diseases, as shown by absolute values. These indices may be attributable to the influence of a genetic determinant and environmental factors. For final verification of this suggestion, a follow-up of the study group of patients is scheduled, by taking into account a change in the phenotype of red blood cell populations.
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PMID:[The functional features of cell membranes in children with bronchitis and pneumonias]. 1759 59

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia and may be involved in atherogenesis and Alzheimer's disease. Genome sequencing has identified three eukaryote-type serine/threonine protein kinases, Pkn1, Pkn5, and PknD, that may be important signaling molecules in Chlamydia. Full-length PknD was cloned and expressed as a histidine-tagged protein in Escherichia coli. Differential centrifugation followed by sodium carbonate treatment of E. coli membranes demonstrated that His-PknD is an integral membrane protein. Fusions of overlapping PknD fragments to alkaline phosphatase revealed that PknD contains a single transmembrane domain and that the kinase domain is in the cytoplasm. To facilitate solubility, the kinase domain was cloned and expressed as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein in E. coli. Purified GST-PknD kinase domain autophosphorylated, and catalytic mutants (K33G, D156G, and K33G-D156G mutants) and activation loop mutants (T185A and T193A) were inactive. PknD phosphorylated recombinant Cpn0712, a type III secretion YscD homolog that has two forkhead-associated domains. Thin-layer chromatography revealed that the PknD kinase domain autophosphorylated on threonine and tyrosine and phosphorylated the FHA-2 domain of Cpn0712 on serine and tyrosine. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a bacterial protein kinase with amino acid specificity for both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues and this is the first study to show phosphorylation of a predicted type III secretion structural protein.
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PMID:Chlamydophila pneumoniae PknD exhibits dual amino acid specificity and phosphorylates Cpn0712, a putative type III secretion YscD homolog. 1776 19

The frequency and the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity was investigated in 92 patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchitis. Bronchial reactivity was examgned by the inhalator acetylcholine test, with the use of a 5 mg dose of acetylcholine, diluted in 1 ml of sodium-chloride solution. The pulmonary function was estimated upon the results of parameters received by forced expiration and body plethysmography. The results have shown the obvious bronchial hyperreactivity in 42 percent of all patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchitis. The average quantity of acetylcholine, which is supficient to provoke a bronchial reaction, is 3 mg, with a moderate bronchoconstrictory response, localized mostly in the large airways. The author concludes that the inhalator provocative test by cholinergic agent solution may safely be applied in patients suffering from chornic obstructive bronchitis.
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PMID:[Bronchial reactivity in chronic obstructive bronchitis]. 1797 10


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