Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are predisposed to develop a variety of common and uncommon infectious and neoplastic pulmonary diseases. Clinical information that can stratify the risk of occurrence of these pulmonary conditions includes: 1) CD4 cell count-the most important determinant; 2) concurrent antimicrobial therapy; 3) prior travel history; 4) known latent infections that may reactivate: and 5) underlying respiratory disease. Specific pulmonary diseases are discussed including: bacterial pneumonia, bronchitis, mycobacterial and fungal infections, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer. A differential diagnosis can be generated based on the chest radiographic pattern. Focal or multifocal areas of consolidation usually represent conventional bacterial pneumonia or, less commonly, tuberculosis. In severely immunocompromised patients, unusual diseases causing consolidation should be considered including: Rhodococcus infection, nocardiosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, and lymphoma. Nodules can be present in tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and Kaposi sarcoma. Interstitial opacities are common in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, histoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Cavitation and cysts are features of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis, aspergillosis, and lung cancer. Disease of the airways is increasingly recognized in those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lymphadenopathy is most common in mycobacterial infection, but can be a feature of fungal infection, lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and lung cancer. The combined use of clinical information, knowledge of typical conditions associated with the human immunodeficiency syndrome, and radiographic patterns offers a useful approach to the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in the patient with the human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:Approach to the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 979 33

The immunologic effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were evaluated in the Yucheng children in this study. The study subjects consisted of 105 Yucheng children and 101 control children. The Yucheng children were born, between July 1978 and June 1987, to women who had exposed to high dose of PCBs/PCDFs through consumption of contaminated rice bran oil in 1978-1979. These children had been reported to have higher frequencies of bronchitis than their controls in the first six months of life, and higher frequencies of respiratory tract and ear infection in a 6-year follow-up. The low resistance of the Yucheng children to infection suggested that their immune function was suppressed by the PCBs/PCDFs they had exposed to in utero. In the summer and fall of 1995, a thorough physical examination and blood draw were performed on the study children. The Yucheng children were reported by their parents to have higher frequencies of influenza attacks than the control children during the six months prior to the examination. The frequencies of other symptoms were similar between the two groups. The serum levels of various immunoglobulins were similar between the two groups. Fifty-one serum samples, 29 of Yucheng and 22 of control children, were available for cell-mediated immunologic analysis. The percentages of various T cell markers, CD3, CD4, and CD8, and B cell and NK cell markers were not different between the Yucheng and the control children. No dose-response relationship was found between 27 Yucheng children's serum PCB/PCDF levels and any of their immunologic markers. WE concluded that 16 years after the Yucheng incident, Yucheng children exposed to high dose of PCBs/PCDFs in utero did not show, with the serum immunologic marker analyses, suppressed immunity when compared to their controls. To explain the consistent higher frequencies of upper respiratory tract infection in the Yucheng children, immune functional tests such as delayed hypersensitive skin reaction, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody synthesis following immunization may be necessary.
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PMID:The immunologic evaluation of the Yucheng children. 982 14

Our objective was to characterize the clinical presentation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among incarcerated women in a program that provides HIV testing and primary care to all state prisoners in Rhode Island. A retrospective medical chart review on all HIV-seropositive women who were incarcerated between 1989 and 1994 and had at least two medical visits with an HIV medical care provider was used. At the Rhode Island Adult Correctional Institution (ACI), under mandatory testing laws between 1989 and 1994, 28% (172 of 623) of all women were identified with HIV infection. Of the 172 women who tested seropositive in prison, 110 were included in the study. Of the 110 women followed, 84% reported injection drug use (IDU) as their primary risk factor, and 30% reported both IDU and sex work. The median CD4 count was 596/mm3, with 60% having a CD4 count >500 cells/mm3. The most common medical conditions were vaginal candidiasis, oral candidiasis, and bronchitis. Antiretroviral therapy was well accepted and followed community standards. Continuity of medical care after release was facilitated by the same physician caring for the patient in the community setting, with 83% of women following up for HIV care after release. The medical conditions noted reflect that these women are early in the course of their HIV disease when they are initially diagnosed. This comprehensive program in Rhode Island's state prison plays a central role in the diagnosis of HIV-seropositive women and provides counseling, primary medical and gynecological care, and linkage to community resources after release.
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PMID:Comprehensive medical care among HIV-positive incarcerated women: the Rhode Island experience. 1071 6

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection and associated illness may be dramatically modified by passive transfer of immune T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes collected 10 days postinfection were transferred to naive chicks before challenge with virus. As determined by respiratory illness and viral load, transfer of syngeneic immune T lymphocytes protected chicks from challenge infection, whereas no protection was observed in the chicks receiving the MHC compatible lymphocytes from uninfected chicks. Protection following administration of T lymphocytes could be observed in chicks with three distinct MHC haplotypes: B(8)/B(8), B(12)/B(12), and B(19)/B(19). Nearly complete elimination of viral infection and illness was observed in chicks receiving cells enriched in alphabeta lymphocytes. In contrast, removal of gammadelta T lymphocytes had only a small effect on their potential to protect chicks. The adoptive transfer of enriched CD8(+) or CD4(+) T lymphocytes indicated that protection was also a function primarily of CD8-bearing cells. These results indicated that alphabeta T lymphocytes bearing CD8(+) antigens are critical in protecting chicks from IBV infection.
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PMID:Adoptive transfer of infectious bronchitis virus primed alphabeta T cells bearing CD8 antigen protects chicks from acute infection. 1072 10

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CD8)- and macrophage (CD68)-predominant chronic inflammatory disorder of the conducting airways and alveoli. This is often associated with a neutrophilia, inflammation of small airways and destruction of tissue beyond the terminal bronchiolus, i.e. emphysema. In contrast, asthma is a helper T cell (CD4; type 2)-predominant chronic inflammatory disorder of the conducting airways in which there is T lymphocyte-derived gene expression for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 but not interferon gamma. There is fragility of airway surface epithelium, thickening of the reticular basement membrane, bronchial vessel congestion and (when severe) an increase in the mass of bronchial smooth muscle. This is usually (but not always) associated with tissue and peripheral blood eosinophilia rather than a neutrophilia and there is exudative plugging of the airways. These differences of inflammatory profile, remodelling and lung function are seen when smokers with COPD are compared with non-smoking mild asthmatics. However there may be important similarities and overlap, particularly in more severe asthma when neutrophils predominate and in the older and or smoking asthmatic when reversibility of airflow is less obvious. We have recently demonstrated gene expression for IL-4 and IL-5 in and around the mucus-secreting glands of airways resected from smokers without a history of asthma. Also exacerbations of bronchitis may be associated with a tissue eosinophilia. On examination of bronchial biopsies from these patients we show surprisingly strong gene expression for IL-4, IL-5 and even human eotaxin and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted). Whilst CD4 T lymphocytes of the Th2 phenotype might be expressing these cytokines in bronchitis, CD8 T lymphocytes are also capable of secreting IL-4 and IL-5. Viruses may modulate these changes in distinct lymphocyte functional phenotypes. The relevance and importance of CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte ratio to the development of COPD is discussed.
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PMID:Lymphocytes, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 1119 94

To evaluate the WHO (World Health Organization) algorithm for management of respiratory tract infection (RTI) in HIV-1-infected adults and determine risk factors associated with RTI, we enrolled a cohort of 380 HIV-1-seropositive adults prospectively followed for incident RTI at an outpatient clinic in Nairobi, Kenya. RTI was diagnosed when patients presented with history of worsening or persistent cough. Patients were treated with ampicillin, or antituberculosis therapy when clinically indicated, as first-line therapy and with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as second-line therapy. Five hundred ninety-seven episodes of RTI were diagnosed: 177 of pneumonia and 420 of bronchitis. The WHO RTI algorithm was used for 401 (95%) episodes of bronchitis and 151 (85%) episodes of pneumonia (p <.001). Three percent of bronchitis cases versus 32% of pneumonia cases failed to respond to first-or second-line treatment (p <.0001). Being widowed (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-4.4), less than 8 years of education (adjusted OR = 2.5, CI: 1.5 - 4.1), and CD4 count < 200 cells/microl (adjusted OR = 2.4, CI: 1.4-3.9) were risk factors for pneumonia. A high percentage of patients (32%) with pneumonia required a change in treatment from that recommended by the WHO guidelines. Randomized trials should be performed to determine more appropriate treatment strategies in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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PMID:Respiratory tract infection in HIV-1-infected adults in Nairobi, Kenya: evaluation of risk factors and the world health organization treatment algorithm. 1146 24

Infectious bronchitis has remained one of the most difficult to control diseases in poultry since it was first described in 1931. Previous studies demonstrated that primary CD8(+) T lymphocytes collected at 10 days post-infection (p.i.) are important in controlling acute infection. To further investigate the role of memory T cells in protection, T lymphocytes collected from B19/B19 chicken spleens at 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks p.i. were transferred to six-day-old syngeneic chicks one day prior to challenging with 10(6) EID(50) of the IBV Gray strain. Memory immune T cells collected at 3 to 6 weeks p.i. provided dose responsive protection from clinical illness. The greatest protection was observed after the transfer of 10(7) T cells collected at 6 weeks p.i., whereas T cells collected at 2 weeks p.i. did not protect. Annexin-V staining of the spleen cells demonstrated that the cells collected at 2 weeks p.i. were undergoing significantly more apoptosis than cells collected at 10 days p.i. Specific antibody production in sera collected at 7 days p.i. did not correlate with protection. T cell subtype depletion demonstrated that CD8(+), not CD4(+), T cells were critical. Memory T cells can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells up to at least 10 weeks p.i. These results demonstrated that IBV specific CD8(+) memory T cells generated at 3 to 6 weeks p.i. can protect syngeneic chicks from acute IBV infection.
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PMID:Memory T cells protect chicks from acute infectious bronchitis virus infection. 1264 10

The purposes of this study were to measure incidence and determine risk factors associated with opportunistic infections (OIs) and mortality among an HIV-infected cohort in Nairobi, Kenya. Three hundred and eighty-one seropositive ambulatory adults in Nairobi, Kenya were followed from 1997 to 2000 with participants visiting the clinic every two months and when acutely ill. Acute bronchitis was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by sexually transmitted infections, candida vaginitis (among women), fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, HIV-associated skin rash, oral candidiasis and urinary tract infection. Associations between the frequency of these diagnoses including survival and sociodemographic factors and initial CD4 count were assessed. A CD4 count <200 cells/mL at recruitment was strongly associated with decreased survival (adjusted odds ratio=3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.7-5.1). These findings may help to target high-risk populations and guide OI prevention and treatment strategies including decisions regarding initiation of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa.
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PMID:Mortality and burden of disease in a cohort of HIV-seropositive adults in Nairobi, Kenya. 1500 75

Among children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), respiratory diseases are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. This review describes respiratory manifestations of paediatric HIV infection before and after the beginning of HAART in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. In an observational cohort, HIV infected children had quarterly clinical visits and a day-clinic available all week for ill children. CD4 and viral load were measured at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. All children with a CD4 percentage below 25% were prescribed daily cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Ninety-eight children (of a total of 282) were recruited before HAART and treated during the follow-up, there were 56 boys and 42 girls, with a mean age of 6.2 years at inclusion. The mean percentage of CD4 before HAART was 8.7%. Twelve children had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis and five were on antituberculosis treatment at inclusion. Fifty-one per cent presented with abnormalities on chest X-ray at inclusion. Before initiation of HAART, respiratory manifestations represented 32.4% of morbidity events and the incidence for 100 child/months was 9.29 for URTI, 15.2 for bronchitis, 6.07 for LRTI, 0.71 for tuberculosis and 0.36 for Pneumocystis carinii. After the initiation of HAART, respiratory manifestations represented 40.9% of all morbidity events and the incidence for 100 child/months was 5.35 for URTI, 9.48 for bronchitis, 2.17 for LRTI and 0.16 for tuberculosis. During HAART treatment, the incidence of respiratory infections decreased dramatically compared to before the antiretroviral treatment. However, respiratory events still represented 40% of all events occurring following the start of HAART therapy.
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PMID:Respiratory manifestations in HIV-infected children pre- and post-HAART in Abidjan, the Ivory Coast. 1553 Dec 56

Mononuclear cell populations in the lungs of calves infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus were studied during primary infection and reinfection in order to identify cells involved in development of protective immunity to parasitic bronchitis. Three groups of calves were either inoculated with 500 third-stage larvae at both weeks 0 and 10 (n = 6), inoculated only at week 10 (n = 6), or remained uninfected (n = 3). The animals were monitored weekly by collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood and faeces. Among mononuclear BALF-cell populations, the gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells showed a pronounced transient increase in proportion as well as in relative cell size 2 weeks post primary infection, whereas CD4-, CD8-, Ig- and CD14-expressing cells showed no significant differences related to the infection. The increase in gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells coincided with significantly increased proportions of eosinophils and recovery of adult worms in BALF. After reinfection, gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells increased again, but not until week 3 post inoculation, whereas eosinophils were increased by week 2 and reached higher levels than after primary infection. After reinfection, establishment of D. viviparus was less successful than after primary infection. In conclusion, these results indicate a role for gamma/delta TCR-expressing lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of D. viviparus infection.
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PMID:Mononuclear cell subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during Dictyocaulus viviparus infection of calves: a potential role for gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells in airway immune responses? 1598 38


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