Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ampicillin introduced in 1961 has been administered in the treatment of diverse infections by both oral and parenteral means. Oral infections of the upper airways such as otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia have responded with high success rates since the microorganisms involved have remained sensitive to ampicillin. Similarly, out-patient urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and enterococci are cured. Typhoid fever may yet be treated with ampicillin, but shigellosis has become refractory with the development of resistant strains. Ampicillin has assumed a prominent role in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Parenteral ampicillin is still a mainstay of the treatment of Hemophilus meningitis, but the recent appearance of ampicillin resistant strains may become a serious problem. A number of derivatives and analogues of ampicillin have been developed. Among the compounds, hetacillin, metampicillin and pivampicillin which hydrolyze in the body to yield ampicillin, only pivampicillin appears to offer advantage over the parent compound. Blood levels are twice those of a comparable dose of ampicillin. However, more comparisons with ampicillin in clinical situations are needed. The other analogues of ampicillin are epicillin, cyclacillin and amoxicillin. Epicillin has no superiority to ampicillin, and the cyclacillin data do not show clear superiority over ampicillin in spite of initially high blood levels, since the compound is less active and so rapidly cleared from the body. Amoxicillin, on the other hand, has been shown to have it vitro activity equal to ampicillin and to produce higher blood levels for a longer period of time. Clinical studies have substantiated efficacy in treatment of otitis media, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and urinary tract infections at doses half those of ampicillin. It has been effective in gonorrhoea and typhoid, but not in shigellosis. It would seem that to date only pivampicillin and amoxicillin, particularly the later, should be considered as replacements of ampicillin in oral therapy.
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PMID:Aminopenicillins - clinical pharmacology and use in disease states. 109 2

Streptococcus pneumoniae has consistently become more resistant to primary, orally administered treatment regimens used for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTI; sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia). As resistance rates approach 40-50% in the United States and North America for penicillin and macrolides, other agents also have exhibited coresistance rates of 10-20% (tetracycline, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). These facts led to altered clinical treatment guidelines (IDSA) supporting the use of respiratory fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin). This report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program lists possible parenterally administered treatment alternatives for the fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin)-nonsusceptible pneumococci. The SENTRY Program isolates from CARTI (1997-2003), totaling 21605 strains from Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Americas, were screened for fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae. A total of 157 (0.7%) levofloxacin-nonsusceptible (MIC > or = 4 microg/mL) strains were identified and tested by reference broth microdilution methods against 27 antimicrobials. Quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations were determined by PCR amplification and gene sequencing. The entire population of S. pneumoniae had the following antibiogram demographics: penicillin-nonsusceptible (32%), macrolide resistance (24%), tetracycline resistance (21%), clindamycin resistance (11%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance (33%), and 6% of strains were resistant to all 5 drugs. Levofloxacin-resistant strains routinely had 2 or more QRDR mutations most frequently in gyrA at Ser81Phe or Tyr and in parC at Ser79Phe or Tyr and Lys137Asn. Four agents had extremely low rates of resistance when tested against the 157 levofloxacin-nonsusceptible strains (e.g., quinupristin/dalfopristin, 0% resistance; vancomycin, 0%; cefepime, 1%; ceftriaxone, 1%). Levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal isolates remain uncommon, but are a growing problem in CARTI (1.4% in 2003), especially in previously fluoroquinolone-treated cases. Parenteral cephalosporins (cefepime or ceftriaxone) continue to be potent and safe for use in hospitalized patients with S. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia, used with or without co-drugs according to published guidelines.
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PMID:Therapeutic options among broad-spectrum beta-lactams for infections caused by levofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae. 1596 1

After ocular administration to young chickens of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) or Mycoplasma gallisepticum, homologous antibody was detected in serum and in saline extracts of Harderian glands. Parenteral immunisation with SRBC or NDV stimulated moderately high serum antibody titres but did not evoke a measurable antibody response by the Harderian gland.
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PMID:The response of the Harderian gland of the fowl to antigen given by the ocular route. II. Antibody production. 1877 Apr 64