Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although chronic bronchitis was first named and described in 1808, the disease has been known since earliest time, and numerous drugs have been utilized in its therapy. The basic historic theories of human function have readily been applied to bronchitis; thus in Greek medicine, the disease was appreciated as one of excess phlegm. Early remedies included garlic, pepper, cinnamon, and turpentine, whereas later therapies of choice emphasized coffee, ipecac, and potassium nitrate. Most of the favored bronchodilator drugs of today are derived from the traditional folk remedies, ephedrine, atropine, and theophylline. The most interesting historical drugs, however, are those that have given rise to modern mucokinetic agents such as bromhexine and iodides.
 ...
PMID:History of the treatment of chronic bronchitis. 192 77

The study of 37 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis combined with coronary heart disease during exacerbation of these diseases has revealed blood microcirculation disorders of its vascular, intra- and extravascular parts. It's also showed an increase in specific quantity of blood serum medium- and high-molecular surface-active substances, in mean corpuscular volume and sorptive activity of erythrocytes, nitrite/nitrate contents, and medium-molecular peptides. It has been revealed at the same time cytogenetic derangements of lymphocytes, low monocyte phagocytic activity. There were only 25.7% of the observed patients, who presented with some normal indices by the time of clinical remission of the diseases.
 ...
PMID:[Characteristics of hemorheological processes in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis combined with ischemic heart disease]. 1577 Oct 65

The measurement of FeNO (fractional nitric oxide concentration in exhaled breath) is a noninvasive method to assess airway inflammation. The elevated level of FeNO in asthma patients was first reported in 1993, and measurement has been covered by insurance in Japan since April 2013. NO is generated through the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and iNOS is highly expressed in asthmatic airways. FeNO is expiratory flow-ependent, and measurement at 50 mL/s is recommended. As a nitrate-rich diet and the contamination of nasal NO increase, and smoking and spirometry decrease FeNO, these factors should be avoided or taken into account when measuring FeNO. For clinical application, FeNO may be used for the diagnosis or as a guide to treat asthma. Although FeNO correlates well with eosinophilic airway inflammation, it is not present in all asthma patients, and eosinophilic bronchitis or a part of COPD also shows eosinophilic inflammation. Thus, FeNO may be used as an adjunct for asthma diagnosis, and in ATS guideline, it is recommended to use FeNO for the diagnosis of eosinophilic airway inflammation and determining the likelihood of responsiveness to steroids. Several studies attempted to use FeNO to determine the dose of ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) and compared FeNO with traditional guideline-based management. The results were inconsistent, and the Cochrane review found that FeNO-based treatment did not lead to a reduction in the ICS dose or improved asthma outcomes. Nevertheless, a study of a pregnant woman showed reduced exacerbations with a refined algorithm, and further research will shed light on the appropriate application of FeNO measurement for asthma management. In this paper, the mechanism of NO generation, background and method of FeNO measurement, and clinical application will be reviewed and an outline of the official ATS clinical practice guideline will be introduced.
 ...
PMID:[The role of fractional nitric oxide in exhaled breath (FeNO) in clinical practice of asthma]. 2582 39