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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Longterm therapy of chronic bacterial bronchitis assumes two forms: (a) therapy of acute exacerbations, and (b) continuous longterm prophylaxis, chiefly during the 4-7 winter months. Longterm prophylaxis should be confined exclusively to patients with two or more severe annual exacerbations. The commonest pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci, are usually sensitive to ampicillin and amoxycillin, cotrimoxazole (Bactrim or Eusaprim) and tetracyclines.
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PMID:[Proceedings: Long-term therapy with antibiotics in chronic bronchitis]. 0 71

14 patients from the Allergy Unit of an outpatient clinic suffering from acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and 13 outpatients with acute bronchitis were treated with 250 mg cefaclor (Panoral) 3 times daily per os for 5 days. 59% of the organisms isolated from cefaclor-sensitive sputum at the time of prominent clinical symptoms were resistent to tetracycline, 53% of them were resistant to penicillin, and 37% were resistant to ampicillin. 12 out of the 14 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis became asymptomatic, and no organisms could be detected in the sputum of 13 out of the same 14 patients two days after cessation of cefaclor treatment. In 12 out of the 13 patients with acute bronchitis, the acute clinical symptoms disappeared and in 11 out of the 13 patients the initial sputum organisms were two days after stopping cefaclor treatment.
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PMID:[Treatment of bronchitis with cefaclor (Panoral) (author's transl)]. 3 33

Amoxicillin is an aminopenicillin available in the United States only for oral use. It has an antibacterial activity and spectrum similar to that of ampicillin and is destroyed by gram-positive and gram-negative beta-lactamases. It is more active against enterococci and salmonellae than ampicillin, but less active against Shigella. It is better absorbed than ampicillin from the gastrointestinal tract with blood levels two to two and one half times those of ampicillin. Amoxicillin is an excellent agent to treat otitis media, bacterial sinusitis, bacterial exacerbations of bronchitis, acute lower-urinary-tract infections, gonorrhea, and typhoid. In special settings it may be useful as oral therapy of endocarditis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis and as prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis. When the cost of amoxicillin approaches that of ampicillin, it should replace that agent as the oral aminopenicillin of first choice.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment: drugs five years later. Amoxicillin. 3 42

A 3-month-old infant being treated for bronchitis developed a rapid onset but otherwise typical orbital cellulitis. Because gram-negative infections and septicemia are common occurrences in the newborn nursery, this patient was given systemic gentamicin and ampicillin. Sinus x-rays were not attempted. Two days after treatment the eyelids were opened. A strikingly large corneal ulcer with perforated globe and endophthalmitis was found. Pseudomonas aeroginosa was cultured from the blood, conjunctiva, and throat. A diagnosis of Pseudomonas orbital cellulitis with secondary corneal perforation and endophthalmitis was made. The source of infection was believed to be the respiratory tract.
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PMID:Pseudomonas orbital cellulitis. 10 5

A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparison of parenteral cefamandole and ampicillin was conducted in 27 hospitalized adult patients with pneumonia or purulent tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus spp. Patients received either parenteral cefamandole or ampicillin in a dose of 1 g every 6 h. Cefamandole was as effective and safe as ampicillin. Of the 14 patients treated with cefamandole, 13 were considered cured, as were 12 of the 13 treated with ampicillin. One patient in each treatment group improved clinically but did not clear his sputum of Haemophilus spp. One patient treated with cefamandole had a recurrence of Haemophilus spp. bronchitis 9 days after cure. Adverse effects were more common in the cefamandole-treated group (50% versus 15%), but were mild and did not require discontinuation of therapy in any patient. The in vitro susceptibilities of 64 clinical isolates of Haemophilus spp. to 10 antibiotics were determined. Cefamandole was the most active of the cephalosporin-cephamycin antibiotics tested, inhibiting 98% of 61 non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates at 2 mug/ml and 100% at 4 mug/ml. Cefamandole inhibited the three ampicillin-resistant isolates at 2 mug/ml or less. Cephapirin, cefoxitin, and cephalothin were the next most active, whereas cefazolin and cephradine were the least active.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in the therapy of Haemophilus spp. Bronchopulmonary infections. 38 11

Fundamental and clinical studies of PC-904, a newly developed penicillin with a broad spectrum, were performed and the following results were obtained. (1) The serum levels of PC-904 after 1.5 hours drip infusion reached the peak at 1 hour or at the end of the infusion and the detectable levels of PC-904 were maintained up to 2 or 3 hours after the end of the infusion. (2) The urinary excretion rates up to 6 hours after the onset of the infusion were 19.2 approximately 25.5%. (3) Forty-one patients were treated with PC-904 and the majority of the diseases were acute respiratory infections. The treatment by the drip infusion of 50 approximately 100 mg/kg/day resulted in good responses to whooping cough, and lacunar tonsillitis, lymphadenitis and staphylococcal scald skin syndrome resistant to the treatment by ampicillin and cephalexin. The satisfactory results were also obtained by the treatment of almost the same dosage in the patients with acute bronchitis, bronchopneumonia and measles pneumonia. (4) Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from the sputum culture of the patients with bronchopneumonia and they responded well to the treatment with PC-904. (5) The drip infusion of 60 approximately 70 mg/kg/day for 5 approximately 6 days was shown to be useful in the treatment of urinary tract infection of which the causative organism was E. coli. (6) No side effects were observed except rubella-like eruption in one case. (7) Clinical evaluation was examined in all cases except one patient of which the medication was withdrawn due to eruption, and the overall clinical efficacy was excellent or good in all of 40 cases.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies in pediatrics on PC-904, a penicillin with broad spectrum newly developed in Japan (author's transl)]. 69 Dec 61

Ampicillin introduced in 1961 has been administered in the treatment of diverse infections by both oral and parenteral means. Oral infections of the upper airways such as otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia have responded with high success rates since the microorganisms involved have remained sensitive to ampicillin. Similarly, out-patient urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and enterococci are cured. Typhoid fever may yet be treated with ampicillin, but shigellosis has become refractory with the development of resistant strains. Ampicillin has assumed a prominent role in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Parenteral ampicillin is still a mainstay of the treatment of Hemophilus meningitis, but the recent appearance of ampicillin resistant strains may become a serious problem. A number of derivatives and analogues of ampicillin have been developed. Among the compounds, hetacillin, metampicillin and pivampicillin which hydrolyze in the body to yield ampicillin, only pivampicillin appears to offer advantage over the parent compound. Blood levels are twice those of a comparable dose of ampicillin. However, more comparisons with ampicillin in clinical situations are needed. The other analogues of ampicillin are epicillin, cyclacillin and amoxicillin. Epicillin has no superiority to ampicillin, and the cyclacillin data do not show clear superiority over ampicillin in spite of initially high blood levels, since the compound is less active and so rapidly cleared from the body. Amoxicillin, on the other hand, has been shown to have it vitro activity equal to ampicillin and to produce higher blood levels for a longer period of time. Clinical studies have substantiated efficacy in treatment of otitis media, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and urinary tract infections at doses half those of ampicillin. It has been effective in gonorrhoea and typhoid, but not in shigellosis. It would seem that to date only pivampicillin and amoxicillin, particularly the later, should be considered as replacements of ampicillin in oral therapy.
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PMID:Aminopenicillins - clinical pharmacology and use in disease states. 109 2

The entry of ampicillin, cephalothin and gentamicin into traceobronchopulmonary secretions/exudates was assessed in 22 patients during 28, episodes of pneumonia or bronchitis. Specimens were collected from the lower respiratory tract via tracheostomies or endotracheal tubes using either the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (50 specimens) or an intratracheal catheter (59 specimens). Venous blood was obtained at the same time. The concentrations in the bronchial specimens were less than those in the corresponding serums, amounting to about 10 per cent with ampicillin, 25 per cent with cephalothin and equal to or greater than 40 per cent with gentamicin.
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PMID:Penetration of antimicrobial agents into bronchial secretions. 115 79

Cefprozil (CFPZ), a newly developed oral cephalosporin in a fine granular form for pediatric use, was administered to children with bacterial infections. MICs were determined for 6 drugs including CFPZ, cephalexin (CEX), cefaclor (CCL), ampicillin (ABPC), methicillin (DMPPC) and cloxacillin (MCIPC) against the following 84 strains isolated from cases to which CFPZ was administered; 55 strains of Gram-positive cocci (GPC) including 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 49 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 4 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 29 strains of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) including 10 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 18 strains of Escherichia coli, and 1 strain of Proteus mirabilis. MIC determination of these strains was done with an inoculum size of 10(6) CFU/ml. In pharmacokinetic studies, serum concentrations, urinary concentrations and urinary recovery rates were investigated using bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CFPZ was orally administered 30 minutes before meals to 9 children with ages ranging from 7 years and 1 month to 12 years and 3 months. Three groups of 3 children were tested with doses of 4.0, 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg, respectively. In addition to the above, clinical and bacteriological studies were performed in a total of 160 cases consisting of children with ages ranging 5 months to 12 years and 5 months. A mean dose of 8.6 mg/kg in 3-4 divided doses (130 cases of t.i.d. and 30 cases of q.i.d.) was administered for an average of 7 days. The 160 cases included 34 cases of pharyngitis, 5 cases of tonsillitis, 8 cases of acute bronchitis, 8 cases of pneumonia, 52 cases of scarlet fever, 4 cases of acute purulent otitis media, 47 cases of urinary tract infection, 1 case of purulent lymphadenitis and 1 case of posthitis. Adverse reactions and abnormal clinical laboratory test results were also examined in 166 cases, including 6 cases excluded from the evaluation of clinical efficacy. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. With regard to GPC, MICs of CFPZ against 2 strains of S. aureus were 0.78 or 1.56 micrograms/ml and CFPZ showed the second highest activity to MCIPC. MICs of CFPZ against 49 strains of S. pyogenes were all less than 0.025 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefprozil granules in the pediatric field]. 128 89

A prospective study of the efficacy of ampicillin in combination with sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, (A/S) in perioperative prophylaxis was performed. The study consisted of two independent parts performed at the same time. Part I included 60 patients with lobectomies and segmentectomies. Group A (A/S 1 x 3 g "single shot") was compared with group B (A/S 3 x 3 g). Superficial wound infections occurred in 3 patients of group A and in 2 patients of group B. There was no empyema. Bronchitis and pneumonia were found in 10 patients of group A and in 7 patients of group B. Part II examined 25 pneumonectomies receiving A/S 3 x 3 g for 3 days. Concentrations of ampicillin and sulbactam in serum and lung tissue were determined and showed adequate levels to cope with usual bacteria in lung surgery. There was one superficial wound infection, 2 cases of bronchitis, and 2 cases of pneumonia.
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PMID:Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in general thoracic surgery. 129 Jan 78


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