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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is evidence that indoor air pollution contributes to the development of respiratory symptoms. This study examined the relationships between dampness in houses and respiratory symptoms in 4,164 primary school children in the subtropical rural areas of the Kaohsiung region, Taiwan. Dampness in homes was assessed by questionnaires that reported 1) general dampness, 2) mold or mildew inside the home, or 3) flooding (appearance of standing water within the home, water damage, or leaks of water into the building). Evidence for upper and lower respiratory symptoms were also collected by questionnaires. Recorded symptoms included cough, wheezing, pneumonia, bronchitis, and asthma. Degrees of dampness were reported as 12.2%, 30.1%, and 43.4%, respectively by the parents or guardians of the study population. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was consistently higher in homes with indications of dampness than in non-damp homes. After adjustments for potential confounders, selected respiratory symptoms among the childhood population were significantly higher in damp than non-damp homes, with the exception of pneumonia. We conclude that dampness in the home is a strong predictor of and risk factor for respiratory symptoms and constitutes a significant public health problem in subtropical area.
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PMID:Damp housing conditions and respiratory symptoms in primary school children. 929 97

Bronchial asthma in childhood is defined as a disease presenting with wheezing, dyspnea and cough on the basis of an inflammatory bronchial hyperreagibility. It is the most common chronic disease in childhood. There are a variety of causes for asthma. Certainly allergy is the most common cause in childhood but also environmental pollution is of importance. Asthmatic attacks, episodes of asthma and asthmatic cough are the most frequent clinical manifestations where as the malignant, hypoxemic asthma crisis is of special importance since its mortality is as high as 0.5-0.8/100,000. Special notice has to be taken on the evaluation of obstructive bronchitis in infancy and childhood which might be very difficult. During the past years, the use of inhalative steroids in the long term treatment has gained increasing importance also in childhood, since it could be demonstrated that side effects of clinical relevance are hardly to be expected.
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PMID:[Bronchial asthma in childhood]. 931 30

This study was conducted to determine whether indoor environmental factors affected respiratory symptoms in 4164 primary school children in Kaohsiung rural areas of Taiwan. Information on respiratory health symptoms and characteristics of the housing was obtained using a written questionnaire, completed by the parents of children. Multiple logistic regression analysis examined the relationship between respiratory health symptoms (cough, wheezing, bronchitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) and housing factors. Home dampness was significantly associated with all respiratory health symptoms. Incense burning and mosquito repellant burning showed effects on the reporting of coughing symptoms. No apparent associations were found with the other indoor factors included in this study or respiratory health symptoms. We conclude that dampness in the home has a pronounced effects on respiratory health symptoms and is a new public health issue in subtropical areas.
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PMID:Effects of indoor environmental factors on respiratory health of children in a subtropical climate. 935 94

This survey was part of a health monitoring system operated in the vicinity of a new power plant in Israel. The aim of this analysis was to determine whether a temporal trend of increased prevalence of asthma can be observed among cohorts of same-aged children, between 1980 and 1989. Schoolchildren were followed up between 1980 and 1989. They performed pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and their parents filled out American Thoracic Society-National Heart and Lung Institute (ATS-NHLI) health questionnaires. This report deals with the changes in the prevalence of asthma, related respiratory conditions and PFT in four cross-sectional data sets gathered among eighth-grade schoolchildren (aged 13-14 yrs). A highly significant (p=0.0005) increase in the prevalence of asthma (from 5.6% in 1980 to 11.2% in 1989), and of wheezing accompanied by shortness of breath (p=0.0009) could be observed. A similar trend could not be found for the prevalence of bronchitis among these children. PFTs of children suffering from asthma or from wheeze accompanied by shortness of breath were lower than those of healthy children. Changes in prevalence of background variables over time could not explain these findings. The significant rise in the prevalence of asthma coupled with reduced pulmonary function test results among asthmatic children, seems to reflect a true increase in morbidity. Temporal changes in the prevalence of background variables as well as proximity to the power plant could not explain this trend.
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PMID:Changing prevalence of asthma among schoolchildren in Israel. 938 54

A survey was conducted in Merida, Yucatan, between February and June 1994 in order to determine the prevalence of asthma and the frequency of a family history of the disease in school-age children. A random sample was taken of 505 children of both sexes between the ages of 6 and 12 who were enrolled in elementary schools in the urban area of Merida. Every child's father or mother was surveyed and asked if the child had had recurrent episodes of loud, difficult breathing with wheezing chest sounds, if he or she had had bronchitis, asthmatiform bronchitis, or asthma, and if the mother, father, or any of the siblings had ever suffered from asthma. A total of 61 children with asthma (cumulative prevalence, 12%) was found. Among these children a history of maternal or paternal asthma was more frequent (25 and 18%, respectively) than in other children (10 and 6%, respectively), the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.002) in both cases. Results show the high prevalence of asthma in Merida and suggest that heredity plays a role in the development of the disease.
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PMID:[Prevalence of asthma in schoolchildren in Merida, Yucatan]. 944 Oct 19

Long-term health effects of moderate ambient air pollution are rarely investigated. In Switzerland, no large-scale study has addressed this issue so far. Important results of the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults (SAPALDIA) are presented. During the period 1991-1993, SAPALDIA investigated a random population sample (18-60 years) in eight Swiss areas with different environmental characteristics (Aarau, Basel, Davos, Geneva, Lugano, Montana, Payerne, Wald). In total, 9651 adults (60%) participated in the cross-sectional investigation (part 1, 1991), consisting of the following standardized procedures: questionnaire (interview), forced expiratory lung function test, bronchial challenge with methacholine, atopy assessment (Phadiatop, unspecific total IgE), allergy skin tests, and endexpiratory CO-measurements. Subjects with a history of respiratory symptoms, increased bronchial reactivity, reduced lung function (FEV1/FVC < 80% predicted) and 150 healthy never-smokers were included in the subsequent diary study (part 2; n = 3281, 1992/93). Peak flow (morning and evening), symptoms, medication, personal activity and visits to the doctor were monitored. Across regions, annual mean values ranged from 9 to 52 mg/m3 (NO2) and 10 to 33 mg/m3 (PM10) respectively. Air pollution had effects on prevalence of dyspnea (+41% per 10 mg/m3 increment of the annual mean PM10, 95% CI 20-65%), on symptoms of chronic bronchitis (+31%, 10-55%), on FVC (-3.1%; -3.7 to -2.6%), and FEV1 (-1.1%; -1.7% to -0.5%), on the incidence of respiratory symptoms and the length of symptomfree intervals (11% change per 10 mg/m3 PM10), but not on the prevalence of asthma. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) showed impact on wheezing (OR 1.94; 1.39-2.70), asthma (1.39; 1.04-1.86), bronchitis (1.60; 1.24-2.08) and chronic bronchitis (1.50; 1.11-2.02). Health effects of moderate air pollution were confirmed in Switzerland. Although for the individual the relative risks are small, the public health impact may be considerable. An ongoing follow-up will investigate the mortality profile of the SAPALDIA cohort.
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PMID:[Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA)]. 952 21

This study is a part of the Study On Air Pollution and Health In Taiwan (SOAP&HIT), an ongoing research project involving cooperation of several universities in Taiwan. In this study, the objective was to evaluate the effects of ambient air pollution on respiratory symptoms and diseases of school children, in addition to considering indoor air pollution. Six communities were selected: one community located in a rural area (Taihsi), two in urban areas (Keelung and Sanchung), and the other three in petrochemical industrial areas (Toufen, Jenwu, and Linyuan). We sampled 5,072 primary school students in six communities from the main study population of SOAP&HIT. Respiratory health was assessed by evaluation of the children's respiratory symptoms and diseases using a parent-completed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis to compute odds ratios of adverse effect. The school children in the urban communities had significantly more respiratory symptoms (day or night cough, chronic cough, shortness of breath, and nasal symptoms) and diseases (sinusitis, wheezing or asthma, allergic rhinitis, and bronchitis) when compared with those living in the rural community. However, only nasal symptoms of children living in the petrochemical communities were more prevalent than in those living in the rural community. Although the association with ambient air pollution is suggestive, the cross-sectional study cannot confirm a causal relationship; thus further studies are needed.
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PMID:Adverse effect of air pollution on respiratory health of primary school children in Taiwan. 961 49

This paper has analyzed respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in 201 hospitalized children. In children with wheezing, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was significantly higher in those with pneumonia than with syndroma pertussis, while the white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly lower in patients with bronchitis than in those with bronchiolitis and syndroma pertussis. Bronchodilatators were applied in 75.6% and corticosteroids in 20% of patients. Ten patients were ventilated. Fatal disease outcome was observed in one infant. Twelve consecutive-year study of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections showed that 27.3% of these diseases were bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
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PMID:Clinical and epidemiological aspects of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections. 1041 77

The impact of inner city air pollution on the development of respiratory and atopic diseases in childhood is still unclear. In a cross sectional study in Dresden, Germany, 5,421 children in two age groups (5-7 yrs and 9-11 yrs) were studied according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase II protocol. The prevalences of wheezing and cough as well as doctor diagnosed asthma and bronchitis were assessed by parental questionnaires. Children also underwent skin-prick testing, venipuncture for the measurement of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E, lung function testing and a bronchial challenge test (4.5% saline) to assess airway hyperresponsiveness. Exposure was assessed on an individual basis by relating mean annual air pollution levels (SO2, NO2, CO, benzene, and O3) which had been measured on a 1 km2 grid, to the home and school address of each study subject. After adjusting for potential confounding factors an increase in the exposure to benzene of 1 microg x m3 air was associated with an increased prevalence of morning cough (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)): 1.15; 1.04-1.27) and bronchitis (aOR: 1.11; 1.03-1.19). Similar associations were observed for NO2 and CO. In turn, the prevalences of atopic sensitization, symptoms of atopic diseases and bronchial hyperresponsiveness were not positively associated with exposure to any of these pollutants. It is concluded that in this study a moderate increase in exposure to traffic-related air pollution was associated with an increased prevalence of cough and bronchitis, but not with atopic conditions in children.
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PMID:Inner city air pollution and respiratory health and atopy in children. 1054 91

Convincing studies demonstrate significant protection during breastfeeding against diarrhoea, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, bacteraemia, bacterial meningitis, botulism, urinary tract infections and necrotizing enterocolitis. There is also good evidence for enhanced protection for years after the termination of breastfeeding against Haemophilus influenzae type b infections, otitis media, diarrhoea, respiratory tract infections and wheezing bronchitis. In some reports breastfeeding has also improved vaccine responses. Several studies show that milk may actively stimulate the immune system of the offspring via transfer of anti-idiotypic antibodies and lymphocytes. This may explain why breastfeeding diminishes the risk of developing coeliac disease. Some investigations suggest that there may also be a similar effect on allergic diseases and autoimmune diseases, as well as inflammatory bowel diseases and certain tumours. This needs to be confirmed.
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PMID:Human milk and host defence: immediate and long-term effects. 1056 22


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