Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Simple assay systems for infectivity titrations of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chicken embryo trachea organ cultures (OC) were developed using plastic multiplate wells with one tracheal ring per well; these assays appeared to be much more satisfactory than the conventional rolled-tube method. The medium, 0.05 M HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid)-buffered Eagle minimal essential medium was not changed during observation. A medium containing 0.4% bovine serum albumin did not influence the virus yield, but did stabilize virus viability during storage. Reproducibility of results obtained in the OC system was confirmed by performing replicate titrations of the Beaudette strain with three different passage histories. The mean virus titers in the OC were lower than those in chicken embryos, depending on the IBV passage histories. The time required for ciliostasis was related not only to the concentration of virus, but also to the IBV passage history. Application of OC techniques for the constant serum-variable virus neutralization test gave low neutralization indexes with excellent reproducibility as compared with those obtained in the chicken embryo assay system. Also, the slopes of neutralization curves obtained by assays in OC were less steep than those seen in the chicken embryo system.
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PMID:Plastic multiwell plates to assay avian infectious bronchitis virus in organ cultures of chicken embryo trachea. 21 56

The main purpose of the present study was to determine the qualitative and quantiative effect of various infectious epsiodes on the blood serum levels of retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Twenty-four children and 30 adult subjects were studied. The infections studied included chickenpox (n = 7); bronchitis (n = 9) upper respiratory infection (n = 30); tonsillitis (n = 2); diarrhea (n = 2) and one case each of: febrile stomatitis, nonspecific gastrointestinal alteration, urinary infection and shigellosis. In addition to retinol and RBP, the study determined changes in serum carotene, proteins, albumin and globulins. The results clearly demonstrate the marked depressing effect of infections on serum retinol, with a magnitude which in many cases reached more than 20 micrograms/dl, and in others more than 30 micrograms/dl. The RBP levels were significantly correlated with retinol, decreasing proportionally with infection. Serum albumin also decreased in most instances; and the globulin levels of the children, but not of the adults, were significantly higher during the infections. Carotene did not show important variations. The effects were more intense when fever accompanied the infectious episodes. These results are considered of great public health significance, in view of the large majorities, mainly children, who ordinarily subsist with very low serum retinol levels in the underdeveloped regions of the world. As infections attack these underpriviledged children, their serum retinol and RBP levels will likely drop a magnitude similar to that observed in the subjects of this study. They may then reach even more critically deficient retinol levels and be in serious danger of developing a severe acute state of clinical vitamin A deficiency.
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PMID:[Decrease in serum levels of retinol and its binding protein (RBP) in infection]. 57 85

Three-week-old chickens were given sheep erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin intravenously. Seven days later their tears and saliva possessed low levels of antibody to those antigens. Concurrent infection with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) caused a significant increase in transuded antibody in those fluids. In chickens with circulating antibody to NDV, induced by parenterally administered inactivated vaccine, respiratory infection with heterologous infectious bronchitis virus resulted in limited transudation of anti-NDV. In contrast, the tears, saliva and tracheal fluid of non-vaccinated chickens undergoing primary infection with NDV acquired considerable levels of specific anti-NDV. The difference between the two groups is attributed to locally synthesized antibody.
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PMID:Local immunity in the respiratory tract of the chicken. I. Transudation of circulating antibody in normal and virus-infected birds. 102 20

In order to validate a method of inhalation scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin in the early diagnosis of morphologic-functional changes of the airways 35 volunteers and patients (12 healthy non-smokers and smokers each, 11 patients with bronchitis) were studied. Deposition of the aerosol immediately after inhalation was calculated quantitatively by a ROI technique and qualitatively (scoring of central deposition, homogeneity, and recognizability of lung outline). Additionally, the regional clearance of the inhaled aerosol was determined by continuous lung imaging up to 60 min (mainly regional mucociliary removal rates). Discrimination between healthy volunteers and patients with bronchitis was possible by means of deposition patterns immediately after inhalation. On the other hand, no differences could be recognized in this way between healthy non-smokers and smokers. Regional mucociliary removal was higher in non-smokers than in smokers, but there was no difference between smokers and patients with bronchitis.
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PMID:[Early detection of morphologic-functional changes in the airways using a simple method of inhalation scintigraphy]. 156 Nov 20

Fibrinolytic system, immune reactivity and isoelectric focusing of serum albumin were examined in 94 patients exhibiting combination of obstructive lung disease (chronic obstructive bronchitis and bronchial asthma) with atherosclerosis. Plasminogen activator showed discrete activity, the discreteness being less in respiratory distress of the I degree but higher in the distress of the II and III degree. Relative number of E-RFC and monocytes expressing receptors to IgM and IgG Fc-fragment decreased. Percentage of EAC-RFC rose. Serum albumin fractions changed pH range due to modification of albumin molecules resultant from forming complexes with fibrinogen degradation products. Concentration of the latter under conditions of respiratory distress induced by obstructive lung diseases associated with atherosclerosis substantially exceeded the standard levels.
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PMID:[Fibrinolysis, immune reactivity and the structure of the blood serum albumin in obstructive lung diseases combined with atherosclerosis]. 207 78

Advanced emphysema with bronchitis is associated with significant weight loss and malnutrition, the true cause of which has not been clearly identified. The purpose of this exploratory study was to compare plasma amino acids and related compounds and catecholamines in a group of patients with advanced end-stage emphysema with a control group of similar age and sex in an effort to further understand this malnourished state. Fasting blood samples were obtained by venipuncture after a rest period. Plasma amino acid levels were determined by ion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Plasma catecholamines were determined by radioenzymatic analysis. Anthropometric measurements, the usually accepted biochemical markers of nutrition, dietary analysis, pulmonary function tests, and a historical analysis of the state of health including drug use and smoking history in each subject were analyzed. Ages and heights were comparable, whereas weights were significantly decreased in the patients with emphysema. Total serum protein and serum albumin values were significantly lower in the patient group. Significant respiratory muscle weakness was indicated by reduced negative inspiratory force in these end-stage patients, contrasting with well-preserved muscle strength usually found in obstructive lung disease. The dietary caloric intake of the patients was comparable to that of the control subjects. We conclude that the fine balance of the amino acid pool in patients with bronchitis and emphysema is well preserved, except for significant elevations of aspartic acid, glutamine, and cystine, and a decreased level of leucine. In addition, norepinephrine levels were significantly increased. Weight loss in patients with emphysema and bronchitis is likely due to increased energy demands related to hypermetabolism.
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PMID:The nutritional status in advanced emphysema associated with chronic bronchitis. A study of amino acid and catecholamine levels. 232 54

Toxic effects of SO2 and sulfite such as bronchitis and bronchoconstriction have been well documented. SO2 has also been suggested to potentiate carcinogenic effects of PAH. However, the molecular basis of these toxic effects is unclear. We have examined the covalent reaction of SO2 and sulfite with cellular proteinacious and nonproteinaceous sulfhydryl compounds using rat liver, and lung and human lung derived A549 cells. Reactions of sulfite and protein in rat and human lung cells reveals at least three proteins with sulfite-reactive disulfide bonds. Besides fibronectin and serum albumin, which had been reported to contain sulfonated products following exposure to sulfite, we have found one other protein with sulfite-binding capabilities. Since the integrity of disulfide bonds is crucial to the tertiary structure and thus protein function, the disruption of protein structure by sulfitolysis may result in altered cellular activities leading to biochemical lesions. Using carefully controlled conditions, reproducible GSH contents can be found in cultured cells and used as an experimental basis for studying alterations in the GSH and GSSG content of cells. Sulfitolysis of GSSG results in the formation of GSSO3H in A549 cells, and possibly in the lung. GSSO3H can be reduced enzymatically by GSSG reductase. However, the Km of GSSO3H is high compared to that of GSSG, suggesting the existence of a transient concentration of GSSO3H once it is formed. Cysteine S-sulfonate is, however, not reduced by cytosolic extracts in the presence of NADPH and would have to be eliminated from the cell by other means. GSSO3H is a strong competitive inhibitor of GST in rat liver and lung and A549 cells, using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. It also inhibits the formation of GSH conjugates of BP 4,5-oxide, anti and syn BPDE, but to a lesser extent. These results suggest that SO2 may affect the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds by inhibiting, via formation of GSSO3H, the enzymatic conjugation of GSH and reactive electrophiles. Since GSH conjugation represents the major pathway of elimination of BP epoxides in the lung, our results offer a possible explanation for the cocarcinogenicity of SO2 with PAHs. These data suggest that the sulfitolysis reaction of sulfite is the common reaction mechanism mediating the underlying biochemical reactions leading to both the toxic and cocarcinogenic properties of SO2. Quantitation of sulfitolysis products and their interaction with cellular processes should provide a coherent scheme relating SO2 and sulfite toxicity among animal species and humans.
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PMID:Covalent reactions in the toxicity of SO2 and sulfite. 376 76

Antibody estimations by RAST were performed on 621 partially selected isocyanate workers whose case histories were well-documented. Two hundred forty-seven of the workers were clinically suspected to be sensitized to isocyanates since they had suffered from occupationally related recurrent asthmatic attacks, chronic obstructive lung diseases, bronchitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, and/or fever. RAST studies with seven different isocyanates conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA) demonstrated that 14% of these symptomatic subjects had significant levels of specific-IgE antibodies. On the other hand, only one of the 374 asymptomatic workers had such antibodies. In contrast to toluene diisocyanate (80:20% mixture of 2, 4 and 2, 6-isomers, if not otherwise mentioned)-HSA, a toluene diisocyanate-ovalbumin conjugate exhibited no antigenicity in nearly all of the cases. Intracutaneous skin testing with five different isocyanate-HSA conjugates performed in 203 workers produced immediate-type wheel-and-flare reactions in 14 of the 53 symptomatic persons but in none of the 150 asymptomatic probands. There was a good overall correlation between RAST and skin test results. Our findings provide strong evidence for IgE-mediated sensitization to isocyanates in a subgroup of the subjects with isocyanate-induced diseases. By means of RAST and/or skin testing these immunologically sensitized persons can be identified.
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PMID:Detection of immunologically sensitized isocyanate workers by RAST and intracutaneous skin tests. 660 83

The effect of clenbuterol, a beta adrenergic drug, and ambroxol, a secretolytic agent, on regional mucociliary clearance and pulmonary radioaerosol distribution was investigated in two groups of 15 patients with COLD in a double-blind cross-over trial with placebo. Clearance rates of inhaled 99mTc-labelled human serum albumin minimicrospheres (HAMM) were determined over upper, middle, lower, central, and peripheral anterior lung regions. Additionally, an index was employed for quantitative analysis of initial pulmonary aerosol distribution in order to detect changes in the site of particle deposition caused by the drugs. Regional measurement of tracheobronchial particle clearance showed clenbuterol to have a significant (P less than 0.05) stimulating effect in 4 of 5 tested pulmonary zones resulting in significantly accelerated whole lung clearance. Ambroxol was effective in only 1 of 5 tested lung areas and did not prove to enhance whole lung clearance significantly. The secretolytic agent was associated with significant (P less than 0.05) improvement of lung aerosol distribution in obstructive emphysematous patients, whereas no significant change in lung deposition of the inhaled particles was encountered in the patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis after either drug regimen.
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PMID:Effects of a beta adrenergic drug and a secretolytic agent on regional mucociliary clearance in patients with COLD. 703 Jun 60

The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) nucleocapsid protein was expressed as a bacterial fusion protein which differed from the native protein only in the addition of six amino terminus histidine residues. Using RNA overlay protein blot assays, the recombinant protein was shown to bind to RNA fragments specific for the positive sense 3' noncoding end of the IBV genome. At greater concentrations of sodium chloride, the native and fusion nucleocapsid proteins similarly bound to G RNA, representing the terminal 1805 3' nt of the genome, whereas bovine serum albumin and allantoic fluid protein did not bind to labeled G RNA. Competitive gel shift assays with labeled G RNA indicated that the protein interacted with several unlabeled RNA representing sequences at the 3' noncoding end of the IBV genome. Cache Valley virus (a bunyavirus) mRNA transcribed from the small segment cDNA also inhibited the interaction with IBV G RNA to approximately the same extent as homologous unlabeled G RNA, whereas reactions with bovine liver RNA and yeast tRNA were considerably weaker. Whereas yeast tRNA did not inhibit the interaction with the labeled large G RNA, interactions of the fusion protein with EF, a region from 78 to 217 nt from the 3' terminus of the IBV genome, were also apparently weaker than interactions with fragment CD which consisted of the 3' terminal 155 nt. On a molar basis, the latter interacted in an identical nature to a RNA consisting of CD and an additional 1053 nt of plasmid sequences. Compared to bovine liver RNA, unlabeled G specifically inhibited binding to the two smaller labeled IBV fragments in gel shift assays. The binding of IBV nucleocapsid protein with RNA probably requires specific sequences and/or structures that are present on the genome, and may represent a common mechanism used by similar viral nucleoproteins whose functions depend on binding to RNA.
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PMID:The infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein binds RNA sequences in the 3' terminus of the genome. 859 3


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