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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Virological and immunological studies on 53 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis at the clinical stage of fading exacerbation were conducted. A high percentage of active viral infection (43%), persistence of viruses (25%) and virus-specific components (ribonucleoprotein in influenza) in the cells of brush biopsy bronchial mucosa specimens was characteristic for these patients. The respiratory-syncytial virus was the most common persisting virus (11%). A high percentage of association (72%) of respiratory viruses (influenza, adenoviruses) and pneumonia Mycoplasma contributed to an increase in a period of an infective process. The utmost decrease in indices of cellular immunity (natural killer cell activity, T-cell and phagocytosis function) was detected in a group of patients with a prolonged (over 4 months) virus persistence.
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PMID:[Characteristics of viral infections in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. 311 90

A single bolus of either Escherichia coli endotoxin, sonicated suspension of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, or pyrogen-free normal saline was intratracheally instilled in six week old specific-pathogen-free pigs. Pigs exposed to E. coli endotoxin developed fever, leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, and endotoxemia. Leukocytosis was the only clinical abnormality noted in pigs receiving the sonicated suspension of H. pleuropneumoniae. At one day postexposure, focal areas of atelectasis and consolidation were observed in the caudal lung lobes of animals receiving either E. coli endotoxin or the sonicated suspension of H. pleuropneumoniae. Lesions were characterized by a neutrophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis with alveolitis in the surrounding tissue. Increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and evidence of phagocytosis were observed by light and electron microscopy. No clinical abnormalities or lesions were observed in animals receiving normal saline. Lesions typical of acute porcine Haemophilus pleuropneumonia were not produced by either E. coli endotoxin or sonicated suspension of H. pleuropneumoniae, indicating that multiple virulence factors are probably involved in lesion development.
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PMID:Acute inflammatory effects of intratracheally instilled Escherichia coli endotoxin and sonicated suspension of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in swine. 353 96

Numerous chicken flocks were studied beginning in 1970 because of questionable results on their serologic tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Typically a low number of hens in the flocks were positive reactors to the rapid serum plate test and rarely had hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers over 1:80. Usually no clinical signs were observed. Isolates of MG eventually were cultured from most of the flocks that exhibited that type of marginal serologic pattern. In the laboratory, the MG isolates were frequently less virulent and less pathogenic than the typical field isolates recovered in previous years. Most isolates produced airsacculitis of varying severity when broilers were exposed to the MG cultures as aerosols following exposure to infectious bronchitis virus. They became positive on the rapid serum plate test and developed moderate to high HI titers. Egg-transmission appeared to be the most likely means of transmission, even though the infected progeny rarely showed clinical signs of disease.
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PMID:A historical account of the diagnosis and characterization of strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum of low virulence. 376 12

One-hundred-seventy-two serum samples, collected sequentially from four flocks of egg- and meat-type chickens, were evaluated for antibodies to multiple infectious agents by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MELISA). The MELISA system used provided simultaneous measurement of antibody titers against avian infectious bronchitis (IB), infectious bursal disease (BD), Newcastle disease, avian encephalomyelitis and reovirus infections, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The use of computer-generated graphic print outs of relative MELISA titers provided immediate visulization of over 740 data points and convenient detection of any temporal changes in median titer class (MTC). The temporally changing MTC, or flock profiles obtained, indicated that negligible or waning IB immunity may be a common occurrence in previously vaccinated commercial chickens. These profiles further suggested that, despite no IB revaccination, these same flocks experienced episodes of reexposure to IB which otherwise may have been difficult to detect by conventional clinical or diagnostic laboratory protocols. MELISA profiles and sequential histologic examinations of bursas of Fabricius also provided evidence of a possible BD vaccination problem in young chickens that also experienced excessive losses from coccidiosis, ulcerative enteritis, and Marek's disease. Short sampling intervals were found to foster the detection and definition of fluctuations in MTC which otherwise may have been missed.
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PMID:Presumptive diagnosis of subclinical infections utilizing computer-assisted analysis of sequential enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays against multiple antigens. 404 57

Aspoxicillin (ASPC), a new semisynthesized penicillin, was administered to 20 children; by one shot intravenous injection in the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg to each of 3 children, and by intravenous drip infusion in the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg over a period of 1 hour to 8 and 3 children, respectively, and the serum levels, urinary levels and recovery rates were determined. ASPC was administered to 1 patient with tuberculous pleurisy in the dose of 20 mg/kg by one shot intravenous injection, then the thoracic fluid level and serum level were determined. In addition, ASPC was administered to 3 children with tonsillitis, 3 with bronchitis, 40 with pneumonia, one each for pleuropneumonia, pleurisy, lung abscess, scarlet fever, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and purulent lymphadenitis and 2 with UTI (total 54 children), in the mean dose of 81.4 mg/kg/day t.i.d. (12 children) or q.i.d. (42 children) by one shot intravenous injection for 6 days on the average, and clinical effectiveness and bacteriological response were evaluated in these cases, and adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory findings were examined in the 60 cases which included 6 drop-out cases. After the administration of ASPC to 9 children; 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg to each of 3 children, by one shot intravenous injection, the mean serum levels reached to the peak of 58.4, 147.0 and 221.0 mcg/ml, respectively, in 5 minutes. The mean half-lives were 1.03, 1.01 and 1.23 hours, and the mean areas under the curve (AUCs) were 44.9, 94.1 and 192.9 mcg X hr/ml, respectively. A dose response was seen among the 3 dosage levels. After the administration of ASPC to 11 children; 20 and 40 mg/kg to 8 and 3 children, respectively, by intravenous drip infusion over a period of 1 hour, the mean serum levels reached to the peak of 58.2 and 114.0 mcg/ml, respectively, on completion of the administration. The mean half-lives were 1.22 and 1.09 hours, and the mean AUCs were 109.4 and 181.7 mcg X hr/ml, respectively. A dose response was observed between the 2 dosage levels. In the above mentioned each 3 cases receiving one shot intravenous injection in the dose of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, the mean urinary levels of ASPC reached to the peak of 1,000.0, 2,300.0 and 4,350.0 mcg/ml, respectively, at 0 approximately 2 hours after the administration, and the urinary recovery rates during the first 6 hours were 66.1, 66.5 and 56.9%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies of aspoxicillin in the pediatric field]. 406 28

The most important lower respiratory infection is pneumonia, the fourth leading cause of death. Most cases of bronchitis are of viral etiology and are not major problems. Empyema can present an important problem in management. Although the diagnosis of pneumonia is usually relatively straightforward, the specific etiologic diagnosis remains a major problem. Availability of empyema fluid or a positive blood culture result can be helpful in making the etiologic diagnosis, but these are unavailable in most patients. Screening of sputum Gram stains under 100 X magnification is very important; there should be fewer than 10 squamous epithelial cells, more than 25 polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or both per field of this size. The major causes of pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, various gram-negative aerobic or facultative bacilli and Legionella. However, many other organisms are capable of causing pneumonia, even in the immunocompetent host. Further adding to the problem is the fact that a number of different organisms are manifesting increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Our study with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid included seven patients with pneumonia, one with empyema, and one with purulent tracheobronchitis. Organisms recovered from pleural fluid, transtracheal aspiration and sputum or tracheostomy aspirate included multiple anaerobes, pneumococci, S. aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. ozaenae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis and Branhamella catarrhalis. Several of the organisms were ticarcillin resistant. Eight of the patients had cures and the other patient showed improvement. Only minor side-effects were encountered--Coombs' positivity (without hemolysis), eosinophilia, drug fever and one case of questionable neutropenia.
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PMID:Lower respiratory tract infection. 407 97

A controlled prospective study was made of a group of patients with chronic bronchitis, in which serum antibodies against a group of viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were estimated at regular intervals. Sixteen significant rises in antibody titre were shown, of which eight were associated with clinical acute exacerbations of bronchitis. In individual patients no correlation was found between the number of acute exacerbations or the aetiological agent and persistent change in ventilatory function as expressed by the F.E.V.(0.75).This study was compared with the results of a previous parallel investigation of the same patients done to study the significance of rhinovirus infections. In the present investigation 12% of the acute exacerbations were associated with the 11 agents tested compared with 14% associated with rhinoviruses in the earlier work.
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PMID:Viral antibody levels and clinical status in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a controlled prospective study. 429 87

The synergistic role of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and mixed infections of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Escherichia coli (EC) in the airsacculitis syndrome was evaluated in gnotobiotic chickens. Relative air sac lesion score indexes, in descending order of severity, from various combinations of organisms were: 9.5-IBV, MS, EC; 6.8-IBV, EC; 4.5-IBV, MS; 2.7-IBV; and 0.5-MS, EC. Infectious bronchitis virus caused a mild fibrinous inflammation. M. synoviae combined with IBV increased heterophilic and follicular lymphoid infiltration and mortality. E. coli combined with IBV increased exudation and prolonged airsacculitis. Concentrations of fibrinogen, gamma globulin, and total plasma proteins were elevated significantly by combined infections of IBV, MS, and EC (P < 0.01).
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PMID:Infectious bronchitis and mixed infections of Mycoplasma synoviae and Escherichia coli in gnotobiotic chickens. I. Synergistic role in the airsacculitis syndrome. 460 5

Mice of a Swiss substrain, reared under rigid pathogen-free (PF) conditions, were inoculated intranasally with broth cultures of Mycoplasma pulmonis ranging in dose from 10(1) to 9 x 10(9) colony forming units (CFU). A highly reproducible disease resulted with an LD(50) of 1.3 x 10(8) CFU and a PD(50) (dose producing pneumonia in 50% of mice) of 3.4 x 10(5) CFU. The inoculating dose of M pulmonis was found to be the critical determinant of the severity, duration and pathologic character of the respiratory disease produced. PF mice given 10(4) CFU or less developed a transient illness characterized by low frequencies of rhinitis, otitis media, laryngotracheitis and focal pneumonia. This was proposed as a low dose model. Doses of 10(5) to 10(9) CFU resulted in high frequencies of rhinitis, otitis media, laryngotracheitis and pneumonia. Within the first 10 days the pneumonia often was fatal, being characterized by an outpouring of neutrophils and edema fluid into alveolar spaces, pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage and, occasionally, pleuritis. This high dose-acute disease model was shown to be the result of seeding alveoli with large numbers of organisms at the time of intranasal inoculation. In animals surviving doses of 10(5) to 10(9) CFU beyond approximately 10 days postinoculation, the larger concentration of organisms was present in bronchi and bronchioles, giving rise to a third model, the high dose-chronic disease model. The predominant lesions were chronic suppurative bronchitis and bronchiolitis, marked peribronchial lymphoid cuffing, variable numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in alveoli, and complications such as bronchiectasis and pulmonary abscesses. Identical lesions were observed in axenic mice infected with M pulmonis. The infection in PF mice is considered a highly useful experimental system, both for comparative study of respiratory mycoplasmosis and for investigations directed toward understanding and eliminating the natural disease this agent causes in conventional mice and rats.
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PMID:Experimental Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in pathogen-free mice. Models for studying mycoplasmosis of the respiratory tract. 471 29

Chicken tracheal organ cultures were made from embryos which were 19 to 20 days old. Transversely cut rings of trachea were placed in screw-capped tissue-culture tubes with Eagle's-N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) medium and incubated in roller drums. The method had advantages over other organ culture systems in that these cultures were prepared in numbers similar to conventional tissue cultures, ciliary activity was quickly and accurately evaluated, and contamination occurred less frequently than with organ cultures in petri dishes. Ciliary activity persisted for at least 1 month when the medium was changed at 5-to 7-day intervals and for 10 to 15 days without a change. Infectious bronchitis virus stopped ciliary movement, and this effect was used as a basis for titrating the virus and for determining the neutralizing capacity of immune mouse ascitic fluid. Twenty-four Mycoplasma strains were tested. Organisms of 17 strains, both avian and mammalian, multiplied in the organ cultures, and 7 strains, belonging to the species M. gallisepticum and M. mycoides var. capri, inhibited ciliary activity.
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PMID:Large-quantity production of chicken embryo tracheal organ cultures and use in virus and mycoplasma studies. 546 83


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