Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data are given on the changes in the hemostatic system in 42 patients with uncomplicated influenza and in complications (pneumonia, bronchitis, aggravation of ischemic heart disease). In the acute period of the disease they were characterized by hypercoagulation which was most pronounced in patients with influenza complicated by pneumonia. In cases of aggravation of ischemic heart disease functional platelet activity during convalescence decreases but the plasma link of hemostasis remains activated and fibrinolytic blood activity inhibited. Functional platelet activity in dynamics of the disease increases which should be taken into consideration in pathogenetic therapy.
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PMID:[Hemostatic changes in various clinical courses of influenza]. 277 42

The authors submit an aetiological and epidemiological analysis of the influenza epidemic which occurred in the CSR between the 4th and 14th week of 1986 and was caused by the influenza virus subtype A/H3N2/ and type B. The epidemic affected a total of 27.1% of the population, in the age group of 0-5 years 63.7%, in the age group 6-14 years 52.7% and in the age group above 15 years 17.1%. In the course of the epidemic 77,458 cases of pneumonia and bronchitis were reported and 1,412 deaths with the diagnosis influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia and chronic affection of the lungs. The authors analyze also specific indicators of the activation of influenza viruses and reach the conclusion that serological evidence of the circulation of influenza viruses in the population was detected already in the third quarter of 1985, the first isolations were made six weeks before the influenza epidemic. Activation of the influenza viruses is indicated already during the pre-epidemic period by some non-specific indicators which include the rising number of patients with acute respiratory affections in surgeries and the rising number of children absent from nurseries and nursery schools on account of these diseases. The most sensitive non-specific indicator is the rising number of patients with respiratory diseases in surgeries of the First aid medical service.
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PMID:[Specific and nonspecific indicators of activation of influenza viruses before an epidemic caused by influenza viruses subtype A/H3N2 and type B in Czechoslovakia in 1986]. 292 Mar 98

Respiratory specimens and blood were collected from all infants and children admitted with acute respiratory illness to a paediatric unit in Christchurch from May to November (late autumn, winter and spring) 1983, to define the viral aetiological agents involved. A virus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 160 (50%) of 317 children studied by the rapid indirect immunofluorescence, virus culture and/or serological techniques. Aetiological agents were detected in 71% of children with bronchiolitis, 57% with pneumonia, 53% with bronchitis, 40% with laryngotracheitis (croup), and 45% with upper respiratory tract illness. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most frequently identified virus, confirming the importance of this virus as a cause of respiratory illness requiring hospitalisation of young children in Christchurch. An epidemic due to influenza A/Dunedin/7/83 (HINI) and A/New Caledonia/4/83 (HINI) viruses occurred during the study period.
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PMID:Acute respiratory tract infections of children in hospital: a viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae profile. 299 30

Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to construct chimeric cDNAs that encode the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (G) linked to the cytoplasmic domain of either the immunoglobulin mu membrane heavy chain, the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of influenza virus, or the small glycoprotein (p23) of infectious bronchitis virus. Biochemical analyses and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that these hybrid genes were correctly expressed in eukaryotic cells and that the hybrid proteins were transported to the plasma membrane. The rate of transport to the Golgi complex of G protein with an immunoglobulin mu membrane cytoplasmic domain was approximately sixfold slower than G protein with its normal cytoplasmic domain. However, this rate was virtually identical to the rate of transport of micron heavy chain molecules measured in the B cell line WEHI 231. The rate of transport of G protein with a hemagglutinin cytoplasmic domain was threefold slower than wild type G protein and G protein with a p23 cytoplasmic domain, which were transported at similar rates. The combined results underscore the importance of the amino acid sequence in the cytoplasmic domain for efficient transport of G protein to the cell surface. Also, normal cytoplasmic domains from other transmembrane glycoproteins can substitute for the G protein cytoplasmic domain in transport of G protein to the plasma membrane. The method of constructing precise hybrid proteins described here will be useful in defining functions of specific domains of viral and cellular integral membrane proteins.
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PMID:Cytoplasmic domains of cellular and viral integral membrane proteins substitute for the cytoplasmic domain of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein in transport to the plasma membrane. 301 9

The lateral mobility of the vesicular stomatitis virus spike glycoprotein (G protein) and various mutant G proteins produced by site-directed mutagenesis of the G cDNA has been measured. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching results for the wild type G protein in transfected COS-1 cells yielded a mean diffusion coefficient (D) of 8.5 (+/- 1.3) X 10(-11) cm2/s and a mean mobile fraction of 75% (+/- 3%). Eight mutant proteins were also examined: dTM14, lacking six amino acids from the transmembrane domain; TA2, lacking an oligosaccharide in the extracellular domain; QN2, possessing an extra N-linked oligosaccharide in the extracellular domain; CS2, possessing a serine instead of a cysteine at residue 489 in the cytoplasmic domain, preventing palmitate addition to the glycoprotein; TMR-stop, lacking the entire cytoplasmic domain except an arginine at residue 483; and three chimeric proteins, G mu, G23, and GHA, containing in place of the 29 amino acid wild type cytoplasmic domain the cytoplasmic domains from the surface IgM from the spike protein of the infectious bronchitis virus or from the hemagglutinin protein of the influenza virus, respectively. The mean D for the mutant proteins varied over a relatively small range, with the slowest mutant, G23, exhibiting a value of 11.3 (+/- 1.4) X 10(-11) cm2/s and the fastest mutant, GHA, having a D of 28.6 (+/- 4.5) X 10(-11) cm2/s. The mean mobile fraction similarly varied over a small range, extending from 55 to 68%. None of the mutations resulted in the more rapid diffusion characteristic of membrane proteins embedded in artificial bilayers. Therefore, it appears that the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains themselves contribute little to restraining the lateral mobility of this integral membrane protein when expressed in transfected cells.
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PMID:Effects of mutations in three domains of the vesicular stomatitis viral glycoprotein on its lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane. 303 31

Virological and immunological studies on 53 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis at the clinical stage of fading exacerbation were conducted. A high percentage of active viral infection (43%), persistence of viruses (25%) and virus-specific components (ribonucleoprotein in influenza) in the cells of brush biopsy bronchial mucosa specimens was characteristic for these patients. The respiratory-syncytial virus was the most common persisting virus (11%). A high percentage of association (72%) of respiratory viruses (influenza, adenoviruses) and pneumonia Mycoplasma contributed to an increase in a period of an infective process. The utmost decrease in indices of cellular immunity (natural killer cell activity, T-cell and phagocytosis function) was detected in a group of patients with a prolonged (over 4 months) virus persistence.
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PMID:[Characteristics of viral infections in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. 311 90

Acute respiratory infections of viral or bacterial origin represent 1 of the 3 main causes of morbidity and mortality in children of developing countries, where they typically are responsible for 15-20% of deaths in children under 5. Mortality rates are higher in children under 1 year and decline with age. Fewer than 2% of children with pneumonia in developed countries die, vs. an estimated 10-20% in developing countries. Operational studies indicate that children dying of acute respiratory infections are those who do not receive health services or receive them too late, and those whose moderate infections are inadequately treated. Determining factors include inaccessibility of health services, socioeconomic problems, cultural factors limiting the frequency and acceptance of formal health services, and inadequate management of acute respiratory infections by the general health services. Immunizations, better case management and health education are 3 interventions for control of respirator infections that offer immediate potential benefits for primary health care in developing countries. Vaccinations against whooping cough, measles, and diphtheria are part of the Expanded Program of Immunization. Anti-pneumococcal vaccines and flu shots are not appropriate for use in children in developing countries. Health personnel should be trained to use antibiotics more rationally and efficiently and to make referrals to higher levels of care when needed. Oxygen treatment should be available in secondary and tertiary care centers. Health personnel should be trained to administer simple treatments for other possible complications of respiratory infections. Such measures have been applied sporadically in developing countries and data on their efficacy remain sparse. But mortality rates declined greatly in 1 rural community of India after introduction of the measures, and more proofs of their efficacy will become available as programs develop. It will be necessary to train health agents in differentiation of cases according to gravity, to recommend and apply treatment, to administer antimicrobial drugs, and to refer cases to hospitals. The main decision of the health agent concerns the gravity of the case and not the diagnosis of pneumonia or bronchitis. A classification based on the few most important signs and symptoms will facilitate the 2 principal decisions about treatment; whether to administer antimicrobial and whether to treat at home or refer to a higher level of care. A 3-part classification of acute respiratory infections if suggested for all outpatient care and community health agents: serious cases requiring hospitalization 2) moderate cases requiring antimicrobial but not hospitalization and 3) mild cases not requiring antimicrobial.
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PMID:[Magnitude and control of acute respiratory infections in children]. 318 34

The etiological appearance of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was investigated in 117 patients. A combined study was aimed at the detection of viral, mycoplasmal, fungal and bacterial endobronchial infections. The etiological role of the latter was verified by a pathogen isolated from the sputum. Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis was determined by bacterial (79%) and/or viral (55%) infections, mostly by pneumococcal infection (45%), H. influenzae (30%), and influenza (31%). The role of pyogenic cocci was minimal (2%). Exacerbation of chronic purulent endobronchitis was more frequently caused by H. influenzae than in catarrhal bronchitis. In 9% of the patients the infectious etiology of an inflammatory bronchial process could not be established.
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PMID:[Etiologic structure of exacerbations in chronic bronchitis]. 323 89

Weekly data for seven conditions reported to the weekly returns service of the Royal College of General Practitioners' Birmingham research unit over a 52-week period have been compared with those reported to the Oxford regional sentinel practice scheme. The mean weekly recorded rates for otitis media, asthma and intestinal infectious disease were similar in both systems; in the weekly returns service, mean weekly rates for common cold, acute bronchitis and influenza/influenza-like illness were approximately twice and for sore throat/tonsillitis slightly higher than rates in the Oxford scheme.In the weekly returns service no recommendations are made about criteria for diagnosis but in the Oxford scheme diagnostic criteria agreed by the participants are used. Where rates in both monitoring systems are the same, agreed criteria are likely to be conventional clinical practice and therefore superfluous. Where rates are different, the use of criteria enhances specificity of the information content but results in an underestimation of the total incidence of - respiratory disease presented to general practitioners.For common cold, acute bronchitis, otitis media and influenza/ influenza-like illness the associations between the rates in the two systems were high (R>/=O. 79), as might be expected, but these high values cross validate both recording systems in their monitoring of trends. For the remaining (non-epidemic) conditions the associations were low. There were no significant associations between the rates for asthma and the upper respiratory infectious diseases in either recording system, which suggests there was effective discrimination of asthma.
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PMID:Comparison between the weekly returns service and the Oxford regional sentinel practice scheme for monitoring communicable diseases. 255 50

Coal miners working underground may be exposed chronically to low levels of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide from diesel engine emissions and from the use of explosives for blasting. The aims of this study were to establish whether long-term exposures to low concentrations of these gases at nine British coal mines had been associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections and, if so, to estimate the relative risks for different levels of exposure. The nine mines concerned had been involved, since 1954, in a prospective epidemiological study of coal miners' health. Median levels of nitrogen oxides in 4,933 pairs of full-shift samples, taken at the mines during the years 1976 through 1982 were 0.2 ppm nitric oxide and 0.03 ppm nitrogen dioxide; 10 percent of the concentrations exceeded 1.1 ppm nitric oxide and 0.08 ppm nitrogen dioxide. Multiple regression estimates of concentrations associated with different underground locations, types of work, and mining conditions at each mine were combined with detailed records of miners' attendance at work at similar locations in earlier years. These retrospective estimates of individuals' underground exposures to nitrogen oxides referred to between five- and 16-year periods of exposure. Also available for study were records of the men's exposures to respirable mine dusts and information from five-yearly medical surveys about their smoking habits, respiratory symptoms, and questionnaire-elicited reports of sickness absences attributed, among other things, to respiratory infections. The reliability of the latter reports was examined in a sample of 471 of the men by comparing the answers to the questionnaire with physicians' diagnoses on certified sickness absence records. Miners' references to bronchitis, influenza, or colds as the cause of prolonged sickness absence during the three years preceding the surveys did, in general, reflect real spells of absence from work, lasting at least seven days, that had been diagnosed by doctors as due to respiratory infections. But only about 20 percent of the men whose colliery records indicated that there had been such an absence acknowledged them in the survey as due to a "chest illness". Most of the under-reporting was of absence certified as due to influenza, colds, or "upper respiratory tract infection", and this under-reporting was not related to the men's ages or smoking habits. The main analyses referred to 5,408 reports of colds, influenza, or bronchitis at a total of 40,071 interviews involving nearly 20,000 miners.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Respiratory infections in coal miners exposed to nitrogen oxides. 326 57


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