Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The 2 groups of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) represented by the prototype strains HCoV 229E and HCoV OC43 are mostly known as viruses responsible for common cold syndrome. HCoVs are difficult to detect, and epidemiological data are rare. From October 2000 through April 2001, we tested 1803 respiratory samples for HCoV by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. From 8 February through 27 March 2001, HCoV OC43 was detected in samples obtained from 30 (6%) of 501 patients. The other viruses detected were respiratory syncytial virus (6.1%), parainfluenza virus 3 (1%), influenza virus A (7.8%), influenza virus B (7.2%), rhinovirus (6.4%), enterovirus (1%), and adenovirus (2%). Infection with HCoV OC43 was detected in patients of all age groups. The following clinical symptoms were noted: fever (in 59.8% of patients), general symptoms (in 30%), digestive problems (in 56.8%), rhinitis (in 36.6%), pharyngitis (in 30%), laryngitis (in 3.3%), otitis (in 13.3%), bronchitis (in 16.6%), bronchiolitis (in 10%), and pneumonia (in 6.6%). This study shows that an outbreak of HCoV OC43 respiratory infection was responsible for the lower respiratory tract symptoms observed in nearly one-third of patients identified by active surveillance for coronavirus infection.
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PMID:An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. 1268 10

A total of 136 children aged 5 years and under with respiratory tract diseases were examined for Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. By means of the micro-immunofluorescence test, an acute infection was suggested in 37 (27.2%) of them. Infection was found in 23 (43.4%) of 53 children with bronchitis, seven (70.0%) of 10 with pharyngitis, and two (22.2%) of nine with pneumonia. C. pneumoniae DNA was detected in seven of 55 children by means of nasopharyngeal swabs, and serological evidence was present in all of seven. Five of them were suggested the acute infection and four of the five showed IgG titers increasing four times and over. By age distribution, five of the seven DNA-positive children were 1 year old, and the remaining two were 2 and 4 years old, respectively. The clinical findings of the seven DNA-positive children were characterized as indicative of bronchitis (n = 4), pharyngitis (n = 2), and pneumonia (n = 1). In Thailand, C. pneumoniae infection occurs frequently among children aged 5 years and under, and may cause pharyngitis, bronchitis, and sometimes pneumonia. However, it is suggested that C. pneumoniae infection is not a major cause of severe pneumonia among children in that age group.
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PMID:Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection among young children with respiratory diseases in Thailand. 1458 36

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an intracellular pathogen, devoid of cell wall, able to invade airway epithelial cells. Infection may either remain asymptomatic or induce bronchitis and pneumonia. M. pneumoniae is the first-ranking aetiological agent of community-acquired pneumonias in children over five years of age. Clinical features are usually mild, but this should not preclude the initiation of a treatment, in order to avoid serious sequelae such as impairment of pulmonary gas exchange capacity. In children at high-risk of asthma, infection with M. pneumoniae can induce exacerbation. A survey was performed in children admitted to hospital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (Paris) for an episode of severe asthma exacerbation with persistent hypoxemia. Mycoplasma infection was identified in 26% of children with a history of asthma and 50% of those for whom the exacerbation was the presenting manifestation of the disease. Furthermore, if the Mycoplasma infection was atypical, asthma exacerbation recurred within one month. M. pneumoniae should be considered not only as a preeminent agent of respiratory infection in children, but also as a triggering factor in exacerbation and even inception of asthma. As a consequence, it is mandatory to carefully search for and actively treat Mycoplasma infection in children.
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PMID:[Mycoplasma pneumoniae, community-acquired pneumonia and asthma]. 1589 45

Related to its potential vulnerability the respiratory tract has a very complex and effective defence apparatus. The interaction between these defence mechanisms and certain characteristics of aetiological agents results in a pattern in which initial infections by these agents tend to occur at specific sites in the tract. Infections in which the primary portal of entry is in the upper respiratory tract include Bordetella bronchiseptica and Haemophilus spp in pigs; Pasteurella spp in cattle, sheep, pigs; Mycoplasma spp in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry; equine herpesvirus 1 in horses; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle; parainfluenza 3 in cattle and sheep; infectious laryngo-tracheitis and infectious bronchitis in poultry; feline viral rhinotracheitis and calicivirus in cats; Aujeszky's disease virus and swine influenza in pigs; and equine influenza in horses. Infections in which the primary portal of entry is in the lower respiratory tract include Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry and mammals, respiratory syncytial virus in cattle, distemper virus in dogs and adenovirus in cattle and dogs. A fuller understanding of the interactions between an agent and the host at the point of entry would make it much easier to develop effective vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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PMID:Mechanisms of infection in the respiratory tract. 1603 Aug 6

Chlamydia pneumoniae causes a range of respiratory infections including bronchitis, pharyngitis and pneumonia. Infection has also been implicated in exacerbation/initiation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may play a role in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We have used a mouse model of Chlamydia respiratory infection to determine the effectiveness of intranasal (IN) and transcutaneous immunization (TCI) to prevent Chlamydia lung infection. Female BALB/c mice were immunized with chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) mixed with cholera toxin and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvants by either the IN or TCI routes. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected for antibody analysis. Mononuclear cells from lung-draining lymph nodes were stimulated in vitro with MOMP and cytokine mRNA production determined by real time PCR. Animals were challenged with live Chlamydia and weighed daily following challenge. At day 10 (the peak of infection) animals were sacrificed and the numbers of recoverable Chlamydia in lungs determined by real time PCR. MOMP-specific antibody-secreting cells in lung tissues were also determined at day 10 post-infection. Both IN and TCI protected animals against weight loss compared to non-immunized controls with both immunized groups gaining weight by day 10-post challenge while controls had lost 6% of body weight. Both immunization protocols induced MOMP-specific IgG in serum and BAL while only IN immunization induced MOMP-specific IgA in BAL. Both immunization routes resulted in high numbers of MOMP-specific antibody-secreting cells in lung tissues (IN>TCI). Following in vitro re-stimulation of lung-draining lymph node cells with MOMP; IFNgamma mRNA increased 20-fold in cells from IN immunized animals (compared to non-immunized controls) while IFNgamma levels increased 6- to 7-fold in TCI animals. Ten days post challenge non-immunized animals had >7,000 IFU in their lungs, IN immunized animals <50 IFU and TCI immunized animals <1,500 IFU. Thus, both intranasal and transcutaneous immunization protected mice against respiratory challenge with Chlamydia. The best protection was obtained following IN immunization and correlated with IFNgamma production by mononuclear cells in lung-draining LN and MOMP-specific IgA in BAL.
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PMID:Comparison of intranasal and transcutaneous immunization for induction of protective immunity against Chlamydia muridarum respiratory tract infection. 1615 55

Influenza viruses represent Orthomyxoviridae family. Spherical virions are 80-120 nm in diameter and have two-layer lipid envelope. The following proteins are coded by 8 or 7 segments of the single-stranded RNA: nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase PB2, PB1 and PA, member protein--M1 and M2, glycoproteins--hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA and NA form spikes on the virion surface. On the basis of antigenic differences there are distinguished three types of influenza virus-A, B and C. Besides, influenza A viruses occur in different subtypes, depending on the features of HA and NA. One of influenza characteristics is its antigenic changeability: antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Infection occurs by droplet route, sometimes through direct contact with infected person or surface. Influenza virus attacks epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract, where replication takes place resulting in the production of approximately 1000 of progeny virions during a single 6-12 h cycle in one cell. Necrosis of ciliary cells of mucosa facilitates invasion of bacterial pathogens. Incubation period lasts on average 1-2 days. Influenza illness without complications characterizes the sudden onset of respiratory symptoms and systemic symptoms. Regression of symptoms usually occurs after 3-5 days, but cough and malaise may be observed for over 2 weeks. Reasons for the severe course of the disease or even death are post-influenza complications, e.g. viral pneumonia and bronchitis, bronchiolitis in children, secondary bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, myocarditis and pericarditis, Reye's syndrome, myositis, myoglobinuria, neurological complications and exacerbation of existing chronic diseases. In the case of influenza there is no possible to make the unquestionable diagnosis only on the basis of clinical picture of the disease. Therefore in some circumstances there is important to make some diagnostic laboratory tests as RT-PCR, immunofluorescence assay or isolation of virus and detection of the specific antibodies. The main determinants of the immunity to influenza virus infection are antihemagglutinin (anti-HA) antibodies and antineuraminidase antibodies (anti-NA). The former play fundamental role for the protection against the infection, while anti-NA antibodies limit virus spreading and contribute to a milder course of the disease. In the response to influenza infection there are observed serum immunoglobulines IgG and IgM (after the first contact with the antigen), while immunoglobulines IgA are produced rarely. The latter are produced locally in the high concentrations on the mucus of respiratory tract. Cellular immunological response is important for recovery from influenza where a significant role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes should be emphasized. These lymphocytes are able to kill infected cells in the earliest phases of replication before the progeny virions are formed.
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PMID:[Various sides of influenza, part I--structure, replication, changeability of influenza viruses, clinical course of the disease, immunological response and laboratory diagnostics]. 1716 90

Infection with Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi is a well-recognised condition in foals that represents a consistent and serious risk worldwide. The condition manifests itself primarily as one of pulmonary abscessation and bronchitis, hence the terminology of 'rattles' derived from its most obvious clinical sign, frequently terminal when first identified. This review addresses the clinical manifestation, bacteriology and pathogenesis of the condition together with recent developments providing knowledge of the organism in terms of virulence, epidemiology, transmission and immune responses. Enhanced understanding of R. equi virulence mechanisms and biology derived from the recently available genome sequence may facilitate the rational development of a vaccine and the improvement of farm management practices used to control R. equi on stud farms in the future. Reliance on vaccines alone, in the absence of management strategies to control the on-farm challenge is likely to be disappointing.
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PMID:Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: the science of 'rattles'. 1791 Feb 75

Acute respiratory infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Accurate identification of causative agents is critical to case management and to prioritization in vaccine development. Sensitive multiplex diagnostics provide us with an opportunity to investigate the relative contributions of individual agents and may also facilitate the discovery of new pathogens. Recently, application of MassTag polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to undiagnosed influenza-like illness in New York State led to the discovery of a novel rhinovirus genotype. Here we report the investigation, by MassTag PCR, of pediatric respiratory-tract infections in Germany, studying 97 cases for which no pathogen was identified through routine laboratory evaluation. Respiratory viruses were identified in 49 cases (51%); of the 55 identified viruses, 41 (75%) were rhinoviruses. The novel genotype represented 73% of rhinoviruses and 55% of all identified viruses. Infections with the novel genotype were associated with upper-respiratory-tract symptoms but, more frequently, with bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.
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PMID:A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany. 1819 Feb 50

Avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that infects chickens via the respiratory epithelium as primary target cells. The binding of coronaviruses to the cell surface is mediated by the viral surface protein S. Recently we demonstrated that alpha2,3-linked sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for IBV on Vero cells and primary chicken embryo kidney cells. Here we analyze the importance of the sialic acid binding activity for the infection of tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) by different IBV strains. Our results show that alpha2,3-linked sialic acid also serves as a receptor determinant on chicken TOCs. Infection of TOCs by IBV results in ciliostasis. Desialylation induced by neuraminidase treatment of tracheal organ cultures prior to infection by IBV delayed the ciliostatic effect or resulted in partial loss of ciliary activity. This effect was observed with both respiratory and nephropathogenic strains. Inhibition of ciliostasis was also observed when TOCs were pretreated with an alpha2,3-specific neuraminidase. Analysis of the tracheal epithelium for reactivity with lectins revealed that the susceptible cells in the epithelium abundantly express alpha2,3-linked sialic acid. These results indicate that alpha2,3-linked sialic acid plays an important role for infection of the respiratory epithelium by IBV.
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PMID:Infection of the tracheal epithelium by infectious bronchitis virus is sialic acid dependent. 1839 35

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), which is caused by human papillomavirus types 6 and 11, is the most common benign neoplasm of the larynx among children and the second most frequent cause of childhood hoarseness. After changes in voice, stridor is the second most common symptom, first inspiratory and then biphasic. Less common presenting symptoms include chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, failure to thrive, dyspnea, dysphagia, or acute respiratory distress, especially in infants with an upper respiratory tract infection. Differential diagnoses include asthma, croup, allergies, vocal nodules, or bronchitis. Reports estimate the incidence of RRP in the United States at 4.3 per 100,000 children and 1.8 per 100,000 adults. Infection in children has been associated with vertical transmission during vaginal delivery from an infected mother. Younger age at diagnosis is associated with more aggressive disease and the need for more frequent surgical procedures to decrease the airway burden. When surgical therapy is needed more frequently than four times in 12 months or there is evidence of RRP outside the larynx, adjuvant medical therapy should be considered. Adjuvant therapies that have been investigated include dietary supplements, control of extra-esophageal reflux disease, potent antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents, and photodynamic therapies; although several have shown promise, none to date has "cured" RRP, and some may have serious side effects. Because RRP, although histologically benign, is so difficult to control and can cause severe morbidity and death, better therapies are needed. The potential for a quadrivalent human papilloma vaccine is being explored to reduce the incidence of this disease.
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PMID:Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review. 1849 62


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