Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chicken tears were investigated to determine if they could be used as an indicator of protective immunity. Antibody production in tears and serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn and broiler chickens vaccinated with a live attenuated vaccine containing the Massachusetts (Mass) Connaught strain of IBV. The effect of virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection on antibody production in tears was also evaluated. Immunity was assessed by challenging the chickens with Mass 41 and performing tracheal swabbings 5 days later. In addition, tears were also evaluated for virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies to IBV. Following eyedrop vaccination, anti-IBV antibodies were consistently detected by ELISA in tears prior to and in higher concentrations than in the sera of SPF white leghorn and broiler chickens. Maternal IBV antibodies were present in the tear secretions of broiler chickens but in lower concentrations than in sera. Infection of SPF chicks with a virulent and immunosuppressive strain of IBDV at 1 day of age greatly reduced IBV ELISA antibody production in tears as well as serum compared with infection of chickens with IBDV at 14 days of age. IBV ELISA and VN antibody levels in tears were not accurate indicators of IBV immunity as determined by challenge with Mass 41. High tear IBV antibody titers were observed in some chickens determined to be susceptible to IBV challenge and low tear titers were detected in some protected chickens. This finding suggests that mechanisms other than antibody-mediated immunity in tears are important in viral clearance following challenge.
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PMID:Infectious bronchitis virus antibodies in tears and their relationship to immunity. 964 28

Infection of the cotton rat lung with a human strain of respiratory syncytial virus results in substantial virus replication and is associated with mild-to-moderate peribronchiolitis, perivasculitis, and bronchitis. Reinfection after 49 days did not result in detectable virus replication, but surprisingly, was associated with an earlier appearance and accentuation of the three types of lesions seen in cotton rats undergoing primary infection. Animals primed with formalin-inactivated virus and challenged after 49 days had pulmonary viral titers 1/10 to 1/100 of that seen in naive animals, but developed markedly accentuated lesions of the same type as in animals undergoing primary or secondary infection. In addition, the animals with the vaccine-enhanced disease developed alveolitis and interstitial pneumonitis, which seem to be specific markers for the vaccine enhancement. These latter markers may be useful in determining the safety of nonreplicating vaccines.
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PMID:Pulmonary lesions in primary respiratory syncytial virus infection, reinfection, and vaccine-enhanced disease in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). 1057 9

The established risk factors for ischemic stroke do not sufficiently explain all clinical and epidemiological features of the disease, such as the winter peak of stroke incidence, the decline of stroke during this century and the time point of cerebral ischemia. A role of infectious disease as stroke risk factor may partly explain above features. Several case-control studies with both hospital and population control groups showed that acute infection within the preceding week and mainly respiratory infection of both viral and bacterial origin increase the risk of cerebral ischemia independent from other risk factors (odds ratio 2.9-14.5). Infection as a risk factor appears to be most important in young age groups. Infection may cause a procoagulant state and thus, trigger thrombosis and cerebral ischemia. There is increasing evidence for chronic infection as stroke risk factor. A case-control study indicated chronic and recurrent bronchitis to increase stroke risk. Two case-control and one cohort study showed that chronic dental infection, mainly parodontitis, is a risk factor for stroke. There are conflicting results on chronic infection with cytomegalovirus and insufficient evidence for a role of Helicobacter pylorii infection in pathogenesis of stroke. Seroepidemiological studies and analyses of carotid plaques indicate a role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in ischemic stroke. However, causality can not yet be inferred from present results. Acute and chronic infectious diseases are treatable and partly preventable conditions. Their recognition as stroke risk factors could therefore be important for stroke prevention.
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PMID:[Infection, atherosclerosis and acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease]. 1069 60

A peritonitis caused by an ascending infection is a rare complication postpartum. A 37-year-old woman presented with a secondary peritonitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. The patient had given birth to a healthy boy 4 weeks before and showed no symptoms of a bronchitis on admission. An operation was performed after the patient developed an acute abdomen, showing a diffuse peritonitis. High vaginal swabs and blood cultures taken on admission were positive for S. pneumoniae as well as the specimen taken during the operation. Thus we concluded that this was a case of an ascending infection. After antibiotic therapy with penicillin the patient could be discharged 8 days after the operation.
Infection
PMID:Streptococcus pneumoniae peritonitis postpartum. 1078 99

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is prevalent in all countries with an intensive poultry industry, with the incidence of infection approaching 100% in most locations. Vaccination is only partially successful due to the continual emergence of antigenic variants. At many sites, multiple antigenic types are simultaneously present, requiring the application of multiple vaccines. Although many countries share some common antigenic types, IBV strains within a geographic region are unique and distinct, examples are Europe, the United States of America and Australia. Measures to restrict the introduction of exotic IBV strains should therefore be considered. Infectious bronchitis has a significant economic impact; in broilers, production losses are due to poor weight gains, condemnation at processing and mortality, whilst in laying birds, losses are due to suboptimal egg production and downgrading of eggs. Chickens and commercially reared pheasants are the only natural hosts for IBV. Other species are not considered as reservoirs of IBV. The majority of IBV strains cause tracheal lesions and respiratory disease with low mortality due to secondary bacterial infections, primarily in broilers. Nephropathogenic strains, in addition to tracheal lesions, also induce prominent kidney lesions with mortality of up to 25% in broilers. Strains of both pathotypes infect adult birds and affect egg production and egg quality to a variable degree. Infected chicks are the major source of virus in the environment. Contaminated equipment and material are a potential source for indirect transmission over large distances. Virus is present in considerable titres in tracheal mucus and in faeces in the acute and recovery phases of disease, respectively. Virus spreads horizontally by aerosol (inhalation) or ingestion of faeces or contaminated feed or water. The virus is highly infectious. Clinical signs will develop in contact chicks within 36 h and in nearby sheds within one to two days. Infection is resolved within fourteen days with a rise in antibody titres. In a small number of chicks, latent infection is established with subsequent erratic shedding of virus for a prolonged period of time via both faeces and aerosol. Movement of live birds should be considered as a potential source for the introduction of IBV. Isolation and identification of IBV is needed for positive diagnosis. The preferred method of isolation is to passage a sample in embryonating specified-pathogen-free chicken eggs. Identification is either by monoclonal antibody based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or polymerase chain reaction. Virus neutralisation test in tracheal organ culture is the best method for antigenic typing. Continual use of live vaccines complicates diagnosis since no simple diagnostic tool can differentiate a field from a vaccine strain. Nucleotide sequencing of the S1 glycoprotein is the only method to discriminate between all IBV strains. Serology is also complicated by continual use of live vaccines. For surveillance purposes, ELISA is the method of choice, regardless of the antigenic type of IBV involved. The assay is used to monitor the response to vaccination, but field challenge can only be detected if flock antibody status is monitored continually. The antigenic type of a challenge strain involved cannot be ascertained by ELISA.
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PMID:Avian infectious bronchitis virus. 1093 76

Pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) causes a chronic destructive bronchitis. A xenograft model was used to study the susceptibility of the CF respiratory epithelium to P. aeruginosa strain PAK and the virulence of certain mutants. Despite an early trend toward increased susceptibility, colonization of CF xenografts (ID(95), 62 colony-forming units [cfu]) was not statistically different (P=.5) than in xenografts with normal respiratory cells (ID(95), 1.2x10(3) cfu). Infection severity in 12 CF xenografts (mean polymorphonuclear leukocyte [PMNL] density, 1.88x10(6)+/-1.75x10(6)/xenograft) was similar to that in 16 non-CF xenografts (3.19x10(6)+/-2.45x10(6) PMNL/xenograft; P=.38), despite slightly greater bacterial density in the CF xenografts (mean, 1.57+/-2.73x10(6) cfu/xenograft) versus xenografts with normal epithelium (mean, 1.03+/-1.3x10(6) cfu/xenograft). P. aeruginosa mutants pilA and fliF, but not rpoN, colonized normal respiratory xenografts, indicating that colonization and infection in this model depend on an uncharacterized RpoN-controlled gene. This model appears to be suitable for genetic study of P. aeruginosa virulence but not of the CF respiratory tract's unique susceptibility.
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PMID:Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of respiratory epithelium in a cystic fibrosis xenograft model. 1123 9

Aspergillus tracheobronchitis is an uncommon clinical form of invasive aspergillosis with fungal infection limited entirely or predominantly to the tracheobronchial tree. We report a case of Aspergillus fumigatus bronchitis, diagnosed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy, with fungal growth completely occluding the left main bronchus leading to lung collapse and acute respiratory failure in a 60-year-old male with erythroleukemia and profound granulocytopenia.
Infection 2001 Aug
PMID:Aspergillus bronchitis causing atelectasis and acute respiratory failure in an immunocompromised patient. 1154 91

Infections of the lower respiratory tract usually occurs during winter and are responsible for a high mortality and morbidity rate. The major clinical syndromes that are observed ranges from acute bronchitis to fatal pneumonia. In order to give optimal treatment and to avoid inappropriate use of antibiotics a careful diagnosis is necessary when signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection are presents. Different clinical lower respiratory tract infections are presented with diagnostic and therapeutic approach considering actual belgium epidemiology.
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PMID:[Bronchopulmonary infections]. 1168 Feb 3

The Analyse Infections Respiratoires (AIR) II study is a prospective, multicentre survey of the management of lower respiratory tract infections in patients aged 15-65 yrs by general practitioners (GPs) in France. To obtain real-time data recording, practitioners were required to submit an anonymous copy of their drug prescriptions. They were then interviewed over the telephone about the patients' sociodemographic data, signs and symptoms, as well as their presumptive diagnosis and the investigations they had decided upon. GPs (n=3,144) reported 5,469 evaluable cases. Pneumonia accounted for 9.6% of diagnoses, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis 14.9% and acute bronchitis 72.5%. The symptomatology covered an extremely wide range of clinical features, which, although statistically different in terms of incidence, overlapped to a large extent across diagnoses. By contrast, hospitalization, investigations or referral to a specialist were much more prevalent in pneumonia, although still very infrequent in general terms (0.5, 1.2 and 10.8%, respectively). Antibiotics were prescribed in 96.5% of patients, with minor differences between diagnoses. However, other medications such as nonsteroid, anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, nonspecific antitussives and bronchial liquefiers accounted for two-thirds of the prescriptions. This study demonstrates the lower respiratory tract infections encountered by general practitioners are usually mild. However, antibiotic prescription was more systematic than in previous studies and the prescription of nonspecific symptomatic treatments was twice as frequent. General practitioners did not perform additional examinations or refer on a regular basis. There was a high prescription rate for symptomatic treatment.
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PMID:Management of lower respiratory tract infections by French general practitioners: the AIR II study. Analyse Infections Respiratoires. 1186 12

The aim of this study was to present neurological complications of influenza infections. Infections caused by influenza viruses can be very serious and may lead even to death resulted from the post-infectious complications. The most often occurring complications are pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, myocarditis and otitis media. The other group is neurological post-influenza complications, including dementia, epileptic disorders, cerebrovascular disease, febrile convulsions, toxic encephalopathy, encephalitis, meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhages, lethargic encephalitis, psychosis or increase in the number of cases of Parkinson's disease. The first way of prevention of influenza is vaccination that results in healthy, social and economic benefits.
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PMID:[Neurological complication of influenza infections]. 1219 26


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