Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a fixed combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in 33 patients with chronic or recurrent respiratory tract infections (R.T.I.), mainly bronchitis. In two patients bronchopneumonia was diagnosed, and in one cystic fibrosis. The patients were treated with 750 mg of the drug combination (500 mg amoxicillin/250 mg clavulanic acid) t. i. d. for seven or ten days. Good clinical success was obtained in 17 patients and a clear improvement in another eight. The most frequently isolated micro-organism was Haemophilus influenzae; of the 22 strains isolated, 20 were resistant to 2 mg/l amoxicillin but sensitive to the combination of 2 mg/l amoxicillin and 1 mg/l clavulanic acid. Side-effects were reported in nine patients; two patients discontinued treatment for this reason. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is a useful therapeutic addition to the existing forms of treatment for amoxicillin-resistant respiratory tract infections.
Infection 1981
PMID:A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by amoxicillin-resistant haemophilus influenzae. 702 35

Selected events in rhinovirus infection of the normal human airway can be regarded as occurring sequentially. Initial steps in rhinovirus pathogenesis are believed to include viral entry into the nose, mucociliary transport of virus to the posterior pharynx, and initiation of infection in ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells of the upper airway. Viral replication peaks on average within 48 h of initiation of infection and persists for up to 3 wk. Infection is followed by activation of several inflammatory mechanisms, which may include release or generation of interleukins, bradykinins, prostaglandins, and possibly histamine and stimulation of parasympathetic reflexes. Pathophysiologic processes are initiated, which include vasodilatation of nasal blood vessels, transudation of plasma, glandular secretion, and stimulation of nerve fibers, causing pain and triggering sneeze and cough reflexes. The resultant clinical illness is a rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis, which, on average, lasts 1 wk.
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PMID:Rhinovirus infection of the normal human airway. 755 10

Antibiotic prophylaxis is currently recommended in clean-contamined surgery (type II of Altemeier classification). Pulmonary surgery belongs to this type. This prospective randomized and controlled study was designed to compare amoxicillin and cefamandole for prevention of pleural and bronchopulmonary infections after pulmonary resections. It included 256 patients, admitted between October 1st 1989 and July 1st 1991, for elective thoracotomy and probable pulmonary resection. The patients were allocated into two groups, group A (amoxicillin) and group C (cefamandole). The first intravenous antibiotic injection took place immediately after induction of anaesthesia (1 g of amoxicillin or 1.5 g of cefamandole). Postoperative injections were performed every 6 hours during 36 hours (i.e. a total of 6 injections). Infection was defined by the association of general signs including hyperthermia (> 38 degrees C), hyperleucocytosis (> 12,000/mm3), and local signs such as bronchitis (B), pneumonia (P), empyema (E), wound sepsis (W) and non thoracic infection (S). Follow-up included the hospital stay and a period of eight months after surgery for possible rehospitalisation for infection. Respiratory infections (bronchitis n = 35, pneumonia n = 5, empyema n = 2) occurred in 18% of the total population. No difference was seen between the two groups concerning the type of infection and the repartition of infection in relation to the type of pulmonary surgery. The causative bacterial organisms were Haemophilus influenzae (n = 4), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 2), Escherichia coli (n = 1), anaerobic bacteria (n = 1). Multiple bacteria were found in one case. The empyema and wound sepsis occurred in the amoxicillin group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Comparison of amoxicillin and cefamandole in the prevention of bronchopulmonary infections in pulmonary surgery. A randomized double-blind study]. 799 33

Acute episodes of bronchitis have been shown to be unequally distributed within a population of subjects with chronic bronchitis. Two groups were identified based on incidence of acute bronchitis--subjects who were 'infection-prone' (2-5 infections per year) and those who were 'non-infection-prone' (0-1 infections per year). Minor differences in clinical parameters existed, except for smoking experience. The non-infection-prone group included more current smokers, and the total smoking experience (in 'pack years') was significantly greater in this group. Between-year analysis demonstrated a stability of classification, established after a minimum of two years' prospective observation. Parameters of the host-parasite relationship were assessed in both groups. A significantly greater polybacterial colonization of the oropharynx was observed for chronic bronchitics, both infection-prone (P < 0.0001) and non-infection-prone (P < 0.001), compared with control subjects. Infection-prone chronic bronchitics had significantly greater total bacteria cultured from the oropharynx compared to the non-infection-prone group (P < 0.05); adherence of indigenous microflora to buccal epithelial cells, in particular Gram-positive cocci (P < 0.01) and in vitro adherence of non-serotypable Haemophilus influenzae to buccal cells (P < 0.05) compared with the control and non-infection-prone groups. These studies suggest that an important variation in subjects with chronic bronchitis is the binding capacity of epithelial cells for bacteria, which when increased enhances susceptibility to colonization and clinical infection.
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PMID:An alteration in the host-parasite relationship in subjects with chronic bronchitis prone to recurrent episodes of acute bronchitis. 820 Jun 89

This Phase III, double-blind, randomized, multicenter study compared the safety and efficacy of clarithromycin, 250 mg b.i.d. administered for either 5 or 10 days, in the treatment of 221 adult patients with purulent bronchitis. Clinical evaluations were performed pre-treatment, during treatment, post-treatment, and at a follow-up visit. Both regimens were well tolerated and effective. No significant differences were observed between patients treated for 5 days and those treated for 10 days in post-treatment, clinical success (98%, 83/85; 99%, 73/74, respectively), or bacterial eradication (100%, 37/37; 94%, 33/35) rates, or in the number of patients reporting drug-related adverse events (16%, 18/112; 24%, 26/109, respectively). Clarithromycin administered for 5 days was at least as safe and as effective as a 10-day regimen in the treatment of purulent bronchitis.
Infection
PMID:Clarithromycin 250 mg b.i.d. for 5 or 10 days in the treatment of adult patients with purulent bronchitis. 822 36

Acute bronchitis has been studied as a model of disturbed mucosal immunoregulation. A new hypothesis relating to the pathogenesis of acute bronchitis has been developed, based on altered host response as the prime mover. Infection-prone subjects had low levels of lysozyme. Effective oral immunization, especially if early, reduced levels of bacterial colonization. Future attention focuses on intra bronchial inflammation and its link to the host-parasite relationship.
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PMID:Acute on chronic bronchitis: A model of mucosal immunology. 859 18

Viral etiologic agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections were studied from November, 1990, through April, 1994, in Korean children. From 712 children who visited or were admitted to Seoul National University Children's Hospital because of acute lower respiratory tract infections, 804 nasal aspirates were collected; viral agents were detected by virus isolation and virus antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining. One or more viral agents were identified in 369 (45.9%) cases; of which 3.3% were mixed infections. The pathogens identified were respiratory syncytial virus (27.2%), parainfluenza virus type 3 (7.8%), influenza A virus (3.9%), adenovirus (3.9%), parainfluenza virus type 1 (1.7%), influenza B virus (1.4%), parainfluenza virus type 2 (0.5%), measles virus (0.1%) and others (0.9%). The clinical patterns of viral lower respiratory tract included pneumonia (56.6%), bronchiolitis (35.2%), croup (6.5%) and tracheo-bronchitis (1.6%). Infections with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 and influenza A and B virus occurred in epidemics, whereas adenovirus was isolated sporadically throughout the study period. The data expand our understanding of the epidemiology of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children and may be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the control of viral respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children. 874 17

A 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with complaints of fever, loss of appetite, coughing, sputum production, and right-sided chest pain. The chest X-ray film and computed tomogram showed infiltrates in both lower lung fields. Meningococcal pneumonia was diagnosed when a sputum culture was found to be positive for Neisseria meningitidis. Infection with this organism is uncommon in Japan. The patient had never gone abroad, and the route of infection was unknown. N. meningitidis is a rare cause of respiratory infections. When this organism does cause respiratory disease, it is usually acute bronchitis rather than meningococcal pneumonia. The patient in this case was not immunodeficient. She was also not deficient in a terminal lytic component sequence (deficiency in that sequence promotes meningococcal infection). The patient was emaciated and malnourished, which was thought to have made her more susceptible to infection. Orally administered DU-6859a, one of a new generation of quinolones, was very effective and had no side effects.
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PMID:[Bilateral meningococcal pneumonia in a young Japanese woman]. 895 7

Chryseobacterium meningosepticum is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacillus historically associated with meningitis in premature neonates. We report 15 positive cultures and 6 cases of infection among immunocompromised adults at our institution over a 10-year period and review the English-language literature on C. meningosepticum. Excluding the present series, there are 308 reports of positive cultures in the literature, of which 59% were determined to represent true infections. Sixty-five percent of those infected were younger than 3 months of age. Meningitis was the most common infectious syndrome among neonates, seen in 84% of cases and associated with a 57% mortality rate. Less commonly reported infections among infants included sepsis (13%) and pneumonia (3%). Pneumonia was the most frequent infection among the postneonatal group, accounting for 40% of cases, followed by sepsis (24%), meningitis (18%), endocarditis (3%), cellulitis (3%), abdominal infections (3%), eye infections (3%), and single case reports of sinusitis, bronchitis, and epididymitis. The 6 cases in our series were all adults, with a mean age of 58.7 years. Sites of C. meningosepticum infection were limited to the lungs, bloodstream, and biliary tree. Infection in our series was associated with prolonged hospitalization, prior exposure to multiple antibiotics, and host immunocompromise, particularly neutropenia. C. meningosepticum is resistant to multiple antibiotics, and disk dilution is notoriously unreliable for antibiotic sensitivity testing. Sensitivity testing on the 15 isolates from our institution revealed the most efficacious antibiotics to be minocycline (100% sensitive), rifampin (93%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (67%), and ciprofloxacin (53%). In contrast to reports in the literature, the isolates in our series displayed widespread resistance to vancomycin (100% resistant or intermediately sensitive), erythromycin (100%), and clindamycin (86%). These findings have important implications for the clinician when choosing empiric antibiotic regimens for patients with risk factors for C. meningosepticum infection.
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PMID:Chryseobacterium meningosepticum: an emerging pathogen among immunocompromised adults. Report of 6 cases and literature review. 906 86

Epithelial damage in infectious bronchitis occurs early in the disease process. Heterophil infiltration into the tracheal mucosa is greatest at that time. To determine the contribution of heterophils to tracheal epithelial damage of infectious bronchitis, eight 3-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were made heteropenic by four daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide at 75 mg/kg body weight. Infection with Massachusetts 41 infectious bronchitis virus was timed to coordinate heteropenia with peak tracheal epithelial damage. Heteropenia was monitored by total leukocyte and differential cell counts of peripheral blood. Tissue damage and heterophil infiltrate were monitored by histopathology of tissues taken at termination of the study. Heteropenic birds had lower peripheral blood and tracheal heterophil numbers than nonheteropenic birds. No difference was found in epithelial damage of heteropenic and nonheteropenic birds. Epithelial damage in infectious bronchitis is most likely due to damage by the virus and not due to the infiltrated heterophils.
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PMID:Effect of cytoxan-induced heteropenia on the response of specific-pathogen-free chickens to infectious bronchitis. 935 94


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