Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0149514 (bronchitis)
 6,902 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Cefuroxime (CXM) was studied for absorption and excretion in 4 pediatric patients given one shot intravenous injection of 20 approximately 25 mg/kg. The following serum levels were determined: 24.5 approximately 38.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes (mean 33.3 +/- 6.1 micrograms/ml), 10.0 approximately 17.0 micrograms/ml at 1 hours (mean 13.9 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml), 3.4 approximately 7.6 micrograms/ml at 2 hours (mean 5.2 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml, 0.7 approximately 2.1 micrograms/ml at 4 hours (mean 1.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, 0.1 approximately 0.3 microgram/ml at 6 hours (mean 0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram microgram/ml). Half-life (T 1/2) was 0.65 approximately 0.88 hour (mean 0.75 +/- 0.10 hour). Urinary levels were 1,280 approximately 7,100 micrograms/ml at 0 approximately 2 hours, 96 approximately 3,400 micrograms/ml at 2 approximately 4 hours, 68 approximately 250 micrograms/ml at 4 approximately 6 hours. Urinary recovery rate at 0 approximately 6 hours was 54.1 approximately 74.4% (mean 61.8 +/- 9.4%). 2. From the study on spinal fluid concentration in pediatric patients with Haemophilus influenzae-induced meningitis, the dose of CXM 52.2 mg/kg was given to 1 pediatric case with this disease by one shot intravenous injection. Spinal fluid levels were presumed as 9.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 6.8 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 3.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 1.2 micrograms/ml at 4 hours. 3. CXM was studied in 19 pediatric patients with bacterial infection for clinical efficacy, bacteriological effect and side effect. Clinical result was found good in 1 with purulent meningitis; excellent in 9 out of 15 with acute lobar pneumonia or acute bronchopneumonia, and good in remaining 6 cases; good in 2 with acute bronchitis; excellent in 1 with acute pyelonephritis. This represents efficacy ("excellent" plus "good") rate of 100%. Of 5 strains of H. influenzae presumed as causative organisms, 4 were disappeared and 1 was reduced. Two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 strain of Escherichia coli were disappeared. No side effect was noted in terms of clinical symptom. Laboratory examination showed elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case, but these elevated values returned to normal after the end of the CXM treatment.
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PMID:[Study of cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 51 99

Acute bronchitis secondary to bacterial infection in the airway is accompanied by an acute inflammatory response composed predominantly of neutrophils. Mucosal injury with denudation of the airway epithelium to basement membrane frequently occurs. We postulated that endotoxin might explain this cytotoxicity and neutrophil influx. To test this hypothesis, bovine bronchial epithelial cells were cultured, and the culture supernatant fluids were evaluated for neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after exposure to endotoxin. Escherichia coli endotoxin stimulated the release of NCA and LDH in a dose-dependent manner. Because intracellular augmentation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) has anti-inflammatory effects, we postulated that dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) might modulate the effect of endotoxin. DBcAMP and PGE2 decreased the release of NCA and LDH. Because cAMP might exert its effect by decreasing intracellular release of oxidants, we investigated the capacity of the antioxidants dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and allopurinol to attenuate the effects of endotoxin. DMSO and allopurinol alone or in combination attenuated the effects of endotoxin-induced NCA and LDH release. These data suggest that endotoxin may account for the pathophysiological changes seen with bronchial bacterial infection or endotoxin inhalation and that the inflammatory responses may be attenuated by DBcAMP, PGE2, and antioxidants.
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PMID:Dibutyryl cAMP, prostaglandin E2, and antioxidants protect cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells from endotoxin. 165 63

The hospital records of 49 children with adenovirus infection were reviewed. Diagnosis was made by virus isolation from the airways in 73%, the stools in 44%, the conjunctiva in 2% and by serology in 14% of the patients. Most children were less than 3 years of age. The peak incidence of virus isolation occurred during the month of April. Pharyngotonsillitis was the most frequent main diagnosis (49%), followed by pneumonia (14%), gastroenteritis (10%) and bronchitis (8%). Fever was the most frequent main symptom (43%), and 96% of the patients had fever at some time during the illness. The average fever temperature was 39.6 degrees C with a mean duration of 5.9 days. An obvious bacterial superinfection could be demonstrated in three patients: two had otitis media and one had pneumonia with pleural effusion. All three had more than 3 band forms per 100 peripheral white blood cells, whereas only 1 out of 46 children without demonstrable superinfection had an elevated band count. Other laboratory tests were not useful in detecting bacterial superinfection. That 71% of all children received antibiotics at some time during their illness, reflects the difficulty of excluding bacterial disease.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory findings in children with adenovirus infections. 253 28

Pharmacokinetics, safety and effects on bacterial infection of sultamicillin (SBTPC) fine granule were evaluated in 17 children. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Pharmacokinetics in 3 children receiving a single dose of 10 mg per kg body weight were evaluated. The half-life of ampicillin (ABPC) was 1.38 +/- 0.14 hours and that of sulbactam was 0.93 +/- 0.26 hour. 2. Fourteen cases, including 7 tonsillitis, 2 pharyngitis, 2 bronchitis, and 1 each of cystitis, scarlet fever and cellulitis were treated with SBTPC fine granule. The clinical efficacy rate was 100%. 3. Bacteriological efficacies classified by causative organisms were evaluated in 5 children. Staphylococcus aureus was responsible in 3 cases, Streptococcus pyogenes in 1 case, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in 1 case. Eradication rate was 100%. SBTPC was more active than ABPC against ABPC-resistant strains and almost equal to or more active than cephalexin or cefaclor. 4. The only abnormal laboratory test value observed was eosinophilia in 2 children. No side effects were recorded. From the above results it is concluded that SBTPC fine granule is one of first choices of effective, useful and safe antibiotics for the treatment of infections in pediatric field.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on sultamicillin fine granule in pediatric field]. 324 70

The clinical efficacies of 50 mg/kg.day miocamycin and 60 mg/kg.day amoxycillin were studied in 23 patients aged 3-11.5 years with presumed bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract (bronchopneumonia and acute bronchitis). During the therapy, which continued for 10 days, non-specific immune function, represented by natural killer cell activity, was monitored by measurement of the rate of lysis induced on target K-562 51Cr-labelled tumour cells. The results confirmed the therapeutical efficacy of miocamycin and amoxycillin in the oral therapy of bronchopneumonia and acute bronchitis in paediatric patients. The natural killer cell activity of patients treated with miocamycin was increased on days 7 and 10 of therapy compared with baseline. This finding did not occur in patients treated with amoxycillin.
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PMID:Comparison of miocamycin versus amoxycillin in lower respiratory tract infections in children. Clinical response and effect on natural killer activity. 326 46

Symptomatic exacerbations are frequent problems in the management of chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Identification of a bacterial etiology as the cause of specific exacerbations should be based on changes in clinical symptoms and documentation of significant bronchial bacterial flora and a neutrophilic inflammatory response. Most acute bacterial exacerbations in patients with bronchitis or asthma are caused by Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Branhamella catarrhalis. Treatment with ampicillins, synthetic tetracyclines, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is successful in 80 to 90 percent of bacterial exacerbations. Emergence of resistant Hemophilus species and pneumococci motivates development of new orally administered antimicrobial drugs. Appropriate treatment depends on the prompt recognition that bacterial infection is present. Once instituted, antimicrobial therapy should be continued for a minimum of 10 to 14 days, which should increase the duration of the infection-free period until the next bacterial exacerbation. Adequate response should be evaluated by the return of symptoms to pre-infectious levels and by decreased sputum bacterial flora and neutrophilic inflammation.
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PMID:Acute bacterial exacerbations in bronchitis and asthma. 357 22

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies were conducted to evaluate cefuzonam (L-105, CZON), a new cephem type antibiotic, in the pediatric field. A total of 9 pediatric patients (2-14 years) was treated with intravenous injection of CZON: 4 cases with one shot of 20 mg/kg, 2 cases with one shot of 40 mg/kg and 3 cases with drip infusion over 1 hour of 40 mg/kg. CZON concentrations in serum and the excretion in urine were determined. Mean serum concentrations of CZON after one shot intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg were 49.0, 22.7, 9.03, 2.13, 0.37, and 0.09 micrograms/ml at 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively. With 40 mg/kg one shot intravenous injections, mean serum concentrations were 117.5, 68.0, 26.2, 8.80, 0.63 and 0.19 micrograms/ml at 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively. With 40 mg/kg intravenous drip infusions over 1 hour, mean concentrations were 57.1, 78.8, 12.9, 1.12 and 0.23 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively. Mean half-lives were 0.69 hour for 20 mg/kg one shot injections, 0.44 hour for 40 mg/kg one shot injections, and 0.58 hour for 40 mg/kg 1 hour drip infusions. Urinary recovery rates in 6 hour after administration were 70.8% (mean) for the 20 mg/kg one shot injection, 44.1% (1 case) for the 40 mg/kg one shot injection, and 60.0% (mean) for the 40 mg/kg 1 hour drip infusion. CZON was administered in 26 cases of pediatric infections, and the clinical efficacy, antibacterial activity, and side effects were evaluated. Of the 26 cases 2 were excluded for the reason of not having bacterial infection, and the remaining 24 cases were assessed. Included in the 24 cases were 16 cases of acute pneumonia, 2 cases of acute purulent lymphadenitis, and 1 case each of acute bronchitis, acute purulent otitis media, acute apical periodontitis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), acute pyelonephritis, and acute enteritis. Clinical efficacy evaluation showed 19 excellent cases and 5 good cases, with an efficacy rate of 100%. Bacteriologically, Staphylococcus aureus 1 strain, Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 strain, beta-Streptococcus 1 strain, Haemophilus influenzae 10 strains, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 1 strain, Proteus mirabilis 1 strain, and Campylobacter jejuni 1 strain were determined or assumed as pathogens, but all of them were eradicated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefuzonam in pediatrics]. 361 84

Aspoxicillin (ASPC), a new penicillin for injection, was evaluated for its efficacy and safety in 29 children with bacterial infection (Table 1), and the following results were obtained. MICs of ASPC to 26 strains of isolated organisms are shown in Table 2. MICs to 4 out of 13 strains of H. influenzae were higher than 6.25 micrograms/ml. MICs to 5 strains of S. pneumoniae were lower than 0.78 microgram/ml and 1 out of 3 strains of S. aureus and 1 strain of E. coli showed higher MICs than 100 micrograms/ml. ASPC was administered in 3 or 4 divided doses at a daily dosage ranging from 21 to 98 mg/kg by 30 minutes drip infusion or intravenous injection to 29 patients (16 cases of pneumonia, 8 cases of tonsillitis, 3 cases of bronchitis, 1 case of urinary tract infection, 1 case of impetigo) and the following clinical results were obtained: excellent; 11 cases, good; 11 cases, fair; 3 cases, poor; 1 case. The overall efficacy rate was 85% (Table 3, 4). No clinical side-effects were observed in any of the patients. Leukopenia was noted in 1 case. Slight elevation of GOT and GPT was noted in 2 cases, and minimal elevation of GOT was observed in other 2 cases (Table 5). These data suggest that ASPC is an useful new antibiotic in the treatment of children with susceptible bacterial infection and may be used as the first choice antibiotic for the treatment of respiratory tract infection in children.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of aspoxicillin in children]. 385 58

Bronchial secretions obtained during bronchoscopic examination of 60 children suffering from respiratory tract infections were studied for the concentration of immunoglobulins, anti-proteolytic factors, lactoferrin, and lysozyme. Eleven children having bronchial asthma without a history of chronic or recurrent infections of the respiratory tract were designated as a control. The results were analysed in relation to clinical diagnosis (chronic bronchitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis) or to the local status of bronchial mucosa at the time of bronchoscopy (no inflammation, inflammation, inflammation with documented bacterial infection). The statistical analysis of the results revealed a decrease of lactoferrin and locally produced IgA in the group of children suffering from bronchitis and chronic bronchitis. Samples infected with Haemophilus species had significantly higher concentration of lactoferrin than any other group. Similarly, albumin in this group was higher than in the other group except that other bacteria were present. Samples infected with Haemophilus also had increased concentrations of S-IgA, IgG, and anti-proteolytic factors when compared with the group without local inflammation.
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PMID:Studies of bronchial secretion. The influence of inflammatory response and bacterial infection. 396 91

Cefmenoxime (CMX) was evaluated in 25 children with a suspicion of bacterial infection. Of the 20 confirmed bacterial infections, 19 were cured by CMX therapy (effective rate, 95%). The diagnoses included acute pharyngotonsillitis (4), acute bronchitis (1), pneumonia (7), streptococcal dacryocystitis (1), infections accompanied with acute leukemia (4), and acute urinary tract infections (3). The etiologic pathogens were beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group A (1), and F (1), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Haemophilus influenzae (4), Escherichia coli (4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2), etc. CMX was very effective for 2 children with respiratory infections due to ampicillin resistant H. influenzae type b. The half life of serum concentration of CMX was 0.76 +/- 0.17 hour after an intravenous bolus injection. A cerebrospinal fluid level of CMX was 5.2 mcg/ml 1 hour after intravenous injection of 1 g (23.8 mg/kg) in a child with inflamed meninges. However this level was not as high as those of cefotaxime, latamoxef, or ceftizoxime measured in the same case. No severe adverse reaction was encountered with CMX therapy. The data suggest that CMX is a safe and effective parenteral antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefmenoxime in the pediatric infections]. 630 92


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