Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Young beagle dogs were fed a 30% galactose diet, with or without the aldose reductase inhibitors sorbinil or M79175. Cataract formation was monitored by indirect ophthalmoscope and hand-held slit-lamp microscopy and documented by retroillumination photography. In these dogs, the first sign of cataract development was an accentuation of the anterior and posterior lens sutures (1 month after feeding), then the appearance of cortical vacuoles (3 months after feeding), and finally, the formation of predominantly equatorial cortical opacities toward the posterior cortices (4-6 months after feeding). After long-term galactose feeding, a progressive, irregular, clear zone formed at the cortical equatorial regions. Light microscopic examination of these lenses shows that the cataracts are osmotic, many of the lens fibers appear to be swollen or ruptured, and vacuoles are seen near the bow region. Moreover, these histologic changes were reduced in a dose-dependent manner in galactose-fed dogs concomitantly treated with the aldose reductase inhibitors sorbinil or M79175. The osmotic nature of these cataracts and the observation that their formation can be reduced in a dose-dependent manner by aldose reductase inhibitors are consistent with the concept that the aldose-reductase catalyzed formation of polar sugar alcohols (polyols) initiates sugar cataract formation in the dog.
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PMID:Progression of sugar cataract in the dog. 190 66

Our laboratory has demonstrated the potential of non-invasive biophysical methods in studying cataractogenesis. Initially these studies involved in vitro spectroscopic assays (UV, fluorescence and phosphorescence) on excised lenses or lens matter. In addition, we performed NMR pulse relaxation studies on extracted lenses which demonstrated an age-related increase in the T1 and T2 values of the normal lens. The in vitro fluorescence and NMR data suggested potential parameters for monitoring human and animal lenses in vivo. We then developed in vivo lens fluorescence densitography utilizing the Scheimpflug camera and have recently employed our Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) method (using specially constructed small coils) to measure the moderately bound lens water compartment (T2) in vivo. Both of these in vivo methods correlate with our in vitro data and they demonstrate age-related changes in the normal lens; - i.e. - a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity and longer T2 values. Indices have been developed which permit us to detect abnormal lens fluorescence and changes in the moderately bound lens water (T2) compared with normal values for each specific age group by decade. These 2 non-invasive biophysical techniques can detect pre-cataractous changes in the living clear lens, months to years before any type of opacity becomes manifest with the conventional slit lamp method. The MRI technique can be performed in less than 20 minutes and the lens fluorescence method requires 4-6 minutes; thus they provide a rapid and objective in vivo measure of the status of the living lens as well as a method for evaluating anti-cataract drug efficacy.
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PMID:NMR & fluorescence studies on human and animal lenses. 191 33

The estimation of flare and cell in the anterior chamber is an important part of the postoperative care of patients who have had cataract surgery. The Kowa Flare Cell Meter uses a laser beam for a probe of light, lines it up precisely in a specially modified slit lamp, and controls and measures the results with a computer. The Kowa Flow Cell Meter incorporates a computer for input of demographics and a screen display and printer for output of the results. The anterior chamber findings are displayed both numerically and graphically.
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PMID:Evaluating postoperative cataract patients using the Kowa Flare Cell Meter. 194 99

The crystalline lenses of hypercholesterolemic patients were assessed before and after 48 weeks of treatment with lovastatin or placebo to determine the effect of lovastatin on the human lens. Patients were given a biomicroscopic (slit-lamp) examination of the lens, and a previously validated, standardized classification system was used to describe the findings. A total of 8,245 patients were randomly assigned in equal numbers to treatment with placebo or lovastatin 20 or 40 mg once or twice daily in this double-blind, parallel-group study. Statistical analyses of the distribution of cortical, nuclear and subcapsular opacities at 48 weeks, adjusted for age and presence of an opacity at baseline, showed no significant differences (p less than 0.01) between the placebo and lovastatin-treated groups. Visual acuity assessments at week 48 were also not found to have significantly different distributions among treatment groups. Moreover, no significant differences were found among the groups in the frequencies of greater than or equal to 2-line worsening in visual acuity with concurrent progression in lenticular opacity, cataract extraction, or any spontaneously reported adverse ophthalmologic experience. No evidence was found for an effect of lovastatin on the human lens after 48 weeks of treatment.
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PMID:Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. II. Assessment of the human lens after 48 weeks of treatment with lovastatin. 199 74

Data collected from 3646 eyes in the Italian-American Natural History Study of Age-Related Cataract were used to investigate whether the reliability of the Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II) by the severity of the opacity that is being graded or is influenced by the presence and severity of coexisting opacities. Reliability was assessed by comparing the slit-lamp gradings of two clinical examiners (346 eyes) and the gradings performed at the slit lamp with gradings of photographs (3646 eyes). The severity of cortical and nuclear opacities did not affect the reproducibility of slit-lamp gradings, but clinical grading of posterior subcapsular opacities became more reliable as the severity of the posterior subcapsular opacities increased. More advanced coexisting opacities decreased the agreement in the slit-lamp diagnosis of nuclear, but not cortical or posterior subcapsular, opacities. Comparisons of clinical and photographic gradings showed very good to excellent agreement for nuclear and cortical opacities, regardless of the severity of the specific opacity or the severity of the coexisting opacities. Agreement in diagnosing posterior subcapsular opacities was decreased in eyes with milder posterior subcapsular opacities and in eyes with more severe coexisting nuclear and/or cortical opacities. The effect of the severity of the opacity being graded and the severity of coexisting opacities on the reliability of the LOCS II must be considered in studies that use the system to classify and grade cataracts.
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PMID:The effect of cataract severity and morphology on the reliability of the Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II). 207 51

Clinical application of the laser flare-cell meter was described. The instrument was developed for concurrent quantitative determinations of the flare and number of cells in the aqueous humor. Diurnal variations were demonstrated in the aqueous flare, and also an increase in the flare with increasing age. The effects of drugs on aqueous humor dynamics were also studied. Orally administered 500 mg of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor reduced the aqueous humor formation by one-third. Concurrent study with the laser flare-cell meter and slit-lamp microscopy in uveitis cases has revealed that the former instrument is superior to the latter in making a quantitative evaluation of inflammation in the anterior segment of the eye. A follow-up study of postoperative inflammation was performed in patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Cases with uneventful postoperative course showed intense flare on the first postoperative day followed by a rapid decrease. Cases with inflammation and fibrin had high aqueous flare which showed an increase even before detection of fibrin in the aqueous by slit-lamp microscopy. Topical 0.5% indomethacin treatment was shown to be effective in suppressing the postoperative increase in aqueous flare but had little effect on cell count. In cases undergoing Argon laser trabeculoplasty, the aqueous flare in the treated eyes was determined to be significantly higher than that in the fellow eyes for four weeks postoperatively (P less than 0.05). The laser flare-cell meter has made it possible to determine the flare and number of cells in the aqueous humor quantitatively. This capability differentiates the instrument from the slit-lamp microscope as well as the instruments previously developed for similar purposes. The laser flare-cell meter is a newly developed useful tool to investigate the pathophysiology of the eye.
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PMID:Clinical application of laser flare-cell meter. 207 79

The results of ophthalmic examination of 413 workers exposed to TNT were analysed. Cataracts were detected in 143 cases (34.6%), reaching 88.4% in those exposed in excess of 20 years. Both prevalence and degree of lenticular damage increased with increasing exposure. The shortest latent period of cataract development was three years and the youngest subject was only 22 years old. The characteristics of TNT lens impairment are: (1) gray-yellow dot opacities, with circular and cuneiform in the peripheral part of the lens detectable with transillumination and slit-lamp; (2) circular, discal or petaline opacities in the central part of the lens; (3) a transparent zone between the circular shadow and the lens equator. While circular opacities were observed in early cases, cuneiform opacities occurred in later cases.
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PMID:A clinical study of trinitrotoluene cataract. 213 Aug 69

Ofloxacin, a new antibiotic of the group of quinolones, was tested for its possible cocataractogenic potential. Two cataract models of the rat, the naphthalene cataract and the true diabetic cataract were used, cataract development in-vivo was monitored with the slit lamp microscope and documented with the Scheimpflug camera Topcon SL-45. After a six weeks observation and treatment period, where Ofloxacin was dosed with 20 mg/kg body weight daily with a stomach tube, the animals were sacrificed and their lenses used for biochemical analyses. Although the results of Scheimpflug photography showed that the combination of the 2 cataract models together with the Ofloxacin treatment lead to higher densities in the cortical layer, a marked cocataractogenic potential could not be demonstrated. Also the biochemical data made it evident, that Ofloxacin has no obvious cocataractogenic potential, neither single nor in combination with 1 or 2 cataract models.
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PMID:Evaluation of a possible cocataractogenic potential of Ofloxacin. 214 94

An X chromosome-linked mouse mutant (mdx) has been investigated as an animal model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and has been found to have the same defect of dystrophin in the muscle surface membrane. Intracellular recordings from the mdx mouse hemidiaphragm preparations revealed low resting membrane potentials and electrical myotonia which occurred at the time of microelectrode insertion and withdrawal. Electrical myotonia of the mdx mouse was observed in 30-50% of the impaled muscle fibers at low temperature, which decreased to only 7.8% at 37 degrees C. Electrical myotonia of mdx mice was not abolished by (+)-tubocurarine. Though there was no behavioral myotonia in mdx mice, repetitive bursts of action potentials in mdx mice were based on the abnormalities of the muscle membrane since neuromuscular blockade did not abolish the repetitive bursts. Also close observation of the lenses of mdx mice revealed cataracts from the newborn stage to the adult age. Slit lamp examination of the lenses of the mdx mice revealed nuclear cataracts followed by anterior subcapsular cataract as they grew. The cataract of mdx mice is different from that of myotonic dystrophy which is usually posterior subcapsular.
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PMID:Electrical myotonia and cataract in X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) mouse. 225 Jan 75

A modified Zeiss slit lamp coupled with a digital image-processing system was used to evaluate objectively changes in lens transparency over 1 year at 4-month intervals in 150 eyes of 92 patients affected by early senile cataract. A total of 59 patients were treated daily with 1.5 g bendazac-lysine, and 33 patients constituted the control group. At follow-up, visual acuity was also tested using Snellen letter charts at variable contrast to provide an additional parameter closer to traditional methods. Results indicate that the minimal angle of resolution at 10% contrast (MAR10) and the mean gray-level value of the lens image obtained by retroillumination (MLR) are sensitive to early changes in lens transparency. Using MAR10 as a parameter, the control group showed a significant, progressive worsening of the lens status over 12 months, whereas the treated group exhibited no significant changes. MRL indicated the same behaviour as MAR10, although lens damage was detected later in the control group. The results show that bendazac-lysine may delay the formation of lens opacities.
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PMID:Medical treatment of senile cataract: clinical investigation of bendazac-lysine using objective and subjective methods. 233 48


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