Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cross-sectional study in 80 insulin-dependent diabetic patients born 1963-1968 who experienced the onset of diabetes before 15 years of age showed that at a mean age of 21.6 (range 17-25) years and after a mean duration of diabetes of 13.3 (range 6-24) years, 80% of the patients had retinopathy: 70% had background and 10% proliferative changes. Retinopathy correlated with the duration of the diabetes and poor glucose control at 15 years of age but not with the actual level of glycated haemoglobin. The severity of retinopathy was worse in women than in men. One patient (1.2%) was blind. Two patients had had cataract operations and 66% had myopic refraction in one or both eyes. In 61 patients a further period of ophthalmological follow-up of 3-4 years was included. After 20 years of diabetes, all had retinopathy and 29% had proliferative changes: 33% had received laser treatment after 8-27 (mean 16.1) years of diabetes. Altogether, 2 patients (2.5% of the original series) were blind. For prevention of diabetic retinopathy and blindness, good glucose control from puberty and careful ophthalmological follow-up after transfer of the patient from paediatric to adult diabetes care play major roles.
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PMID:Ocular complications in young adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus since childhood. 803 29

The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain which spontaneously develops diabetes is a model for human Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. At least one of several genes controlling diabetes in the NOD mouse has been mapped to the MHC. Although previous experiments have implicated the MHC class II genes in the development of the disease, the existence of other MHC linked susceptibility genes has not been ruled out. In order to identify these susceptibility genes we have further characterized the MHC haplotype of the NOD mouse and two non-diabetic sister strains, the non-obese non-diabetic (NON) and cataract Shionogi (CTS). We have examined the mouse MHC class III region for the presence of homologous genes to 17 newly isolated human MHC class III region genes (G1, G2, G4, G6, G7a/valyl-tRNA synthetase, HSP70, G8, G9, G10, G12, G13, G14, G15, G16, G17 and G18). We detect unique hybridizing DNA fragments for 16 of the 17 genes in six inbred mouse strains (NOD, NON, CTS, B10, BALB/c and CBA/J) indicating that this part of the H-2 region is similar to the human MHC class III region. Using a panel of restriction enzymes we have defined RFLPs for 6 (G2, G6, HSP70, G12, G16, G18) of the 16 cross-hybridizing probes. The RFLPs demonstrate that NOD, NON and CTS mouse strains each have a distinct MHC haplotype in the MHC class III region.
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PMID:RFLP analysis of the MHC class III region defines unique haplotypes for the non-obese diabetic, cataract Shionogi and the non-obese non-diabetic mouse strains. 810 33

The lens has a very high content of UDP sugars. These are required for glycoprotein and proteoglycan synthesis, as components of fiber cell membranes and the capsule. In diabetes, changes in these sugar nucleotides are related to pathological changes in the basement membranes of cells from non-insulin-requiring tissues. We have investigated whether this is the case in the lens in diabetes and we report here that UDP-sugar levels are, in contrast to the norm in other non-insulin-requiring tissues, decreased at 2 and 4 weeks of diabetes. This is despite an elevation in the precursors of their formation, both of the pyrimidine (PPRibP) and carbohydrate (glucose, glucose 6-phosphate) components. Also reported here is the observation that lens pyrimidine biosynthesis occurs primarily by the de novo route, and that orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase are unchanged in diabetes. We have measured the energy charge of the adenine and uridine nucleotide pools and report both to be compromised under the diabetic condition. The fall in ATP provision is proposed to be responsible for the fall in UTP and hence leads to the recorded decrease in the UDP sugars. These changes are discussed in relation to the change in capsular and fiber cell composition and the functional significance of this in cataract formation.
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PMID:Changes in uridine nucleotides and uridine nucleotide sugars in diabetic rat lens: implications in membrane glycoprotein formation. 812 94

Diabetics form a significant proportion of patients requiring admission to medical units in Singapore. We conducted a cross-sectional study of all diabetic patients admitted to Alexandra Hospital over a two-month period (1 September 1990 to 31 October 1990). One hundred and thirty-five patients (57 males, 78 females) were entered into the study. The population characteristics, admitting medical diagnoses, complications, treatment modalities and follow-up of these patients were studied. The study group accounted for 13.1% of all hospital admissions over the study period (total admissions 1033). Eighty-seven (64.4%) were Chinese, 25 (18.5%) Indians and 23 (17.1%) Malays. Of the microvascular complications, the most common was diabetic nephropathy. Eighty-two (60.7%) patients had albuminuria and 35 (25.9%) were azotemic. Dermopathy was present in 15.5% (21) and 32.6% (44) had peripheral neuropathy. Cataracts were present in 32.6% (44) of the study population and retinopathy in 18.5% (25). Associated diseases like hypertension were detected in 51.9% (70), hyperlipidemia in 41.5% (56) and coronary heart disease in 28.1% (38) of the group. Eighty-four patients (62.2%) were treated with oral hypoglycaemic tablets, 27 (20.0%) with insulin and 24 (17.7%) were managed with diet alone. Thirty-four patients (25.2%) were admitted with acute infections, most of which were respiratory infections. The mean glycosylated haemoglobin value was 11.7%. The mean duration of hospitalisation was 6.48 days. No significant correlation was found between the glycosylated haemoglobin value and the duration of hospitalisation.
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PMID:Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in a regional hospital medical unit. 812 45

The authors compared self-reported medical history and medication use in a cataract case-control study of 1,380 persons (1985-1989) in Boston, Massachusetts, with information from the participants' physicians. Under- and overreporting varied by condition and type of medication. A self-reported history of hypertension had the highest sensitivity (91%), and diabetes history had the highest specificity (97%). Among different medications investigated, self-reported antihypertensive medication use was the most sensitive (88%), while self-reported use of insulin was the most specific (99%). Differences between patient- and physician-reported frequencies were very small, except for arthritis (15%) and regular aspirin use (21%). Results suggest an accurate recall of medical and drug usage history in well-defined chronic conditions.
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PMID:Comparing self-reported and physician-reported medical history. 817 94

Streptozotocin-diabetic and non-diabetic rats were given various concentrations of vanadyl sulphate in drinking water for one year. It was found that vanadyl sulphate caused significant decreases in body weight gain and plasma insulin level in non-diabetic rats, but did not significantly alter fluid and food intakes or plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, or cholesterol. In diabetic animals, vanadyl treatment significantly alleviated or prevented the occurrence of hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, hyperphagia, polydipsia, hyperlipidaemia, or cataract formation, but the slower body weight gain was not improved. There were gradual decreases in the intake of the compound required to correct hyperglycaemia in the values of ED50 with age of the rats. The beneficial effects of vanadyl treatment persisted 16 weeks following the withdrawal of the compound. It is concluded that vanadyl sulphate is an effective agent for chronic therapy of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, and its prolonged use does not lead to the development of tolerance.
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PMID:One-year treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with vanadyl sulphate. 819 Jun 97

Of 220 patients (250 eyes) who underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens, 36 (45 eyes) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had no retinopathy, simple, or preproliferative retinopathy. They were divided into group A patients who underwent diet therapy or were treated with oral agents and group B patients who were given insulin therapy. The 184 patients (205 eyes) without diabetes mellitus served as control (group C). Transient elevation of intraocular pressure and cystoid macular edema were observed more frequently in diabetic patients (groups A and B). Progressive retinopathy occurred more frequently in group B than in group A patients, and it correlated with increased levels of plasma glucose. Unilateral cataract surgery was performed on 27 diabetic patients. Nine (33%) operated eyes showed progressive retinopathy, while one (4%) fellow eye worsened. It is possible that both increased levels of plasma glucose and surgical procedures may participate in the progression of retinopathy.
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PMID:Plasma glucose levels, postoperative complications, and progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients undergoing intraocular lens implantation. 822 41

We report a case of a 46-year-old man who developed mature cataract in one eye and nearly mature cataract in his other eye over a 14-month period. No genetic, traumatic, or toxic etiology or intraocular pathology or history of irradiation were present. The patient had intentionally been drinking 15 liters of water a day for 11 months, up until 3 months prior to his admission, and 5 liters a day thereafter, until his admission. During his hospitalization he was found to suffer from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The rest of his medical work-up was found to be normal. We suggest that the huge water overload put on his lens played a role in the premature and rapid cataract formation.
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PMID:Excessive water drinking and cataract formation: a case report. 825 68

The prevalence of diabetic ocular complications and the correlation between diabetic retinopathy and systemic factors were examined in 2,300 cases (4,600 eyes) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of cataract was 66.7%, of retinopathy 37.0%, of refractive and accommodative change 6.2%, of glaucoma 1.9% (rubeotic glaucoma was 1.0%), of rubeosis iridis 1.5%, of iridocyclitis 0.8%, of extraocular muscle palsy 0.2%, and of ischemic optic neuropathy 0.1%. Duration of diabetes mellitus, HbA1C value, methods of diabetic control, age, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and arteriosclerosis obliterans were related with diabetic retinopathy. We suggest that the management of diabetic patients needs sufficient attention in the cases with oral administration of medication, insulin therapy, and diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:[Prevalence of diabetic ocular complications and systemic factors]. 836 83

The clinical courses of 10 eyes of five diabetic patients who exhibited bilateral transient hyperopia (maximum: 1:1-4.9 dioptres, spherical equivalent) after initiation of strict control of diabetes with or without insulin are reported. The hyperopia occurred within a few days after abrupt decrease in plasma glucose, progressed to maximum at days 7-14, and regressed gradually over 1 month thereafter. Transient cycloplegia had no effect on refractive error. During hyperopia, there were no significant changes in axial length or corneal curvature. However, thickened lens, decreased anterior chamber depth, and transient cataract were observed to significant degrees. It is suggested that the transient hyperopia, with lens swelling and opacity, was caused by decreased lens refractive index following water influx.
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PMID:Transient hyperopia with lens swelling at initial therapy in diabetes. 845 4


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