Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The sudden development of a red painful eye with blurred vision may be an acute attack of angle closure glaucoma which requires emergency attention. Once the attack is controlled with medication, surgical intervention with a peripheral iridectomy is indicated to relieve relative pupillary block. Eyes subject to angle closure glaucoma are anatomically different with 'crowded' anterior segments. In contrast, open angle glaucoma (the more common form) may progress to near blindness without symptoms. Routine screening of intraocular pressure is, therefore, necessary to make the diagnosis before extensive irreparable damage has occurred. Surgery for open angle glaucoma carries risks of cataract and infection, and is unpredictable. Open angle glaucoma patients are usually treated chronically with specific medications. Beta-Adrenoceptor blocking agents appear to provide a significant new addition to the currently available antiglaucoma medications.
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PMID:The treatment of glaucoma: role of beta-blocking agents. 3 56

Anterior segment ischemia changes can occur without detachment of any muscles. The most common cause of such ischemic changes of the anterior segment is the removal of too many rectus muscles in one operation. Twenty dog eyes and eight monkey eyes were subjected to the disinsertion and detachment of various combinations of extraocular muscles. They were sacrificed at intervals from 30 to 90 days. During the observation period, they were observed for gross and slit lamp changes. The enucleated eyes were studied microscopically for signs of ischemic and necrotic changes. Two patients who were studied, observed, and treated for anterior segment ischemia following muscle surgery are described. The changes which occur after muscle surgery are extensive and include corneal edema, cataract, chemosis, corneal changes, decreases in intraocular pressure, decreases in outflow or glaucoma and frank necrosis. The variables which lead to this reaction is described in detail. Also, some unanswered queries, such as the duration of the reaction and the time interval of the reaction after multiple muscle surgeries, are discussed.
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PMID:Production of anterior segment ischemia. 10 21

The authors have carried out a statistical study on two large groups of patients operated on for cataract and in whom the enzyme alph-chymotrypsin has been used, and the occurrence of ocular hypertension has been examined. One group, which contained 1,003 operations most of which were under the microscope using a firm closure technique, was compared with another group of 324 cases operated under the same conditions but without using the enzyme. In all cases the intraocular pressure was measured 24-48 hours after the operation. The rise in pressure, the rapidity of its development were studied together with its duration and the concentration of the enzyme. In addition these findings were compared with another group of 2,334 eyes operated on several years previously with standard techniques using a less hermetic wound suture, without a microscope, with alpha-chymotrypsin, but whose tensions were controlled from the third week. The results show conclusively that there is a greater frequency of the occurrence of raised intra-ocular pressure when the enzyme is used (40,3%) than when it is not used (25,3%). This ocular hypertension persists in all cases to the end of three weeks. The time of the appearance of the hypertension, the numbers affected and the duration of the intraocular pressure were not significantly meaningful in the statistical analysis.
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PMID:[Enzymatic ocular hypertension: a statistical study (author's transl)]. 14 59

The prostaglandins produce elevation of intraocular pressure and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. They act via the secondary messenger system, cyclic AMP. Although the pathogenesis of many forms of ocular inflammation, both external and internal, is unclear, it is evident that some forms of ocular inflammation are prostaglandin-mediated, at least in part. Others may be totally mediated by prostaglandin synthesis. At present the corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy of these conditions. However, the corticosteroids are poor inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and have many deleterious side effects such as induction of ocular hypertension, cataract, and infection. The search for new agents that will obviate these side effects and be more specific for the disease process is crucial. The discovery that the mode of action of many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents is via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis places a premium on elucidating which of these agents is most effective and least toxic in the eye and by which route of administration. The arachidonic acid screening model is ideal for initially choosing which agent has the greatest potential clinically. Arachidonic acid, a PGE2 precursor, when given topically also elevates intraocular pressure and aqueous humor protein, and these effects are blocked by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This occurs if the arachidonic acid is injected into the vitreous humor, too, providing evidence that this in vivo model involves intraocular mechanisms. Utilizing the arachidonic acid system, a comparative study of nonsteroidal inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis shows that the most effective of 14 agents were flurbiprofen solution and suspensions of polysorbate-dispersed indoxole, meclofenamic acid, indomethacin, and clonixin. Animal uveitis is not an ideal model for the human condition. Nevertheless, proving the superior efficacy of a screened drug in this system will identify those drugs to be tested in the human disease states. Only after the very few best drugs of this nature are identified should the ultimate steps of human testing be initiated.
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PMID:Prostaglandins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and eye disease. 19 83

The Pneumatonometer of Langham was used to monitor intraocular pressure in the operating theatre and in the early postoperative period after cataract surgery. Both indomethacin and aspirin were shown to prodcue a significant reduction in the acute ocular hypertension which can be expected to follow 6 hours after routine cataract surgery. It is suggested that the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by these drugs is probably responsible for this effect.
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PMID:Prevention of postoperative ocular hypertension by prostaglandin inhibitors. 27 38

Increased intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period commonly occurs after cataract extraction. We administered acetazolamide (Diamox) to 24 of 49 eyes with increased IOP in 49 patients. All pressures returned to normal within six to eight days. No difference was found between treated and untreated eyes.
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PMID:The effect of acetazolamide on early increased intraocular pressure after cataract extraction. 32 52

68 eyes of 51 non-selected patients on which a combined cataract extraction and Elliot's trephining with scleral flap (Fronimopoulos) had been performed between 1972 and september 1976, were re-examined between 6 and 48 months following operation. Postoperative complications were rare: there was one persistent shallow anterior chamber following excessive filtration, one increase of tension floowing a block of the trephine canal by vitreous, and one increase of tension following too tight suturing of the scleral flap which necessitated re-operation. Tension was compensated without therapy in 42 eyes (61,7%) and with local therapy in 24 eyes (35,3%). Only in 2 eyes (3%) normal intra-ocular pressure was not achieved. Altogether 97% of the eyes were compensated, some with additional local therapy. The combined cataract extraction and Elliot's trephining with scleral flap (Fronimopoulos) is an effective and low risk technique that is recommended in cases of cataract with raised intraocular pressure not controlled by medical treatment.
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PMID:[Combined trephining with scleral flap (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) and intracapsular cataract extraction (author's transl)]. 33 73

The results of 43 corneal graft operations combined with cataract extraction were investigated. The visual acuity was improved in 63% of cases in spite of the fact that some eyes were suffering from additional diseases or had prior operations. Complications of surgical procedure were rare. Postoperatively a raise of intraocular pressure was sometimes noted. In postinflammatory and post-traumatic cases, corneal opacifications were frequent, but they were rare in keratoconus or in endothelial corneal dystrophies.
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PMID:[Complications of the combined cataract-keratoplasty operation]. 34 29

A double-blind study of the influence of systemic tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness after cataract extraction was performed in 17 pairs of patients. Apart from the cataract, no were present. A sequential statistics was used to show that the increase in central corneal thickness after operation was significantly less in the tranexamic acid treated group than in the placebo group. There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between the tranexamic acid and the placebo treated group. The possible influence of tranexamic acid on the thickness controlling mechanism of the cornea is discussed, and studies concerning the fibrinolytic system, the complement system and the aqueous humour amino acid treated patients are mentioned.
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PMID:A double-blind study of the influence of tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness after cataract extraction. 34 33

A microsurgical technique for cataract extraction is presented. The operations were performed with a corneal incision and a continuous nylon 10-0 suture. This technique is evaluated by the study of 1289 cases, consecutively operated on. The complication rate was very low. Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber was found in 1%. Delayed reformation of the anterior chamber occurred in only two cases. No cases of iris prolapse occurred. The intraocular pressure was not interferred with by the operation. Wound rupture following removal of the suture three months post-operatively occurred in 1%. The advantages of the corneal incision and continuous nylon suture are discussed (less irritation, good and secure wound closure).
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PMID:Progress in cataract surgery using microsurgical technique. 34 34


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