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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a study of congenital cataract in northern India, 76 patients (146 eyes) were evaluated for morphological patterns and etiology. Partial cataracts were found to be three times more common than total cataracts, the lamellar types being the most common among the partial cataracts. Hereditary cataracts had a 19.7% incidence. The majority (46.05%) of cases of congenital cataract were of idiopathic origin. A few cases were associated with metabolic disorders (Marfan's and Marchand's). Strabismus and nystagmus were the most common associated ocular abnormalities (28.94% and 15.79%), and mental retardation was the most commonly associated systemic abnormality. Rubella cataract was seen far less frequently than expected.
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PMID:Congenital cataract: etiology and morphology. 641 11

Case-reports of 75 children, with deafness due to an embropathy from maternal rubella during the first months of pregnancy, are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the frequency of interauricular functional asymmetry, of pigmented retinitis alone or associated with a cataract, and of dysmaturity at birth and persistence of overall delayed development. Also stressed are the large proportion of women born outside the French Metropolitan area who contracted rubella during pregnancy, and the very high frequency of errors in interpreting clinical and biological signs in suspected rubella, leading to an impressive number of wrong suggestions with marked effects on the future. Following a detailed description of 15 of the 75 cases studied, the results obtained are analyzed. Nearly half of the cases presented an interauricular auditory functional asymmetry, which is therefore one of the elements of etiological diagnosis and which enables better adaptation of a hearing aid for rubella-induced deafness. The very high frequency of pigmented retinitis alone also constitutes and element of etiological diagnosis, and enabled at least 7 p. cent of overall cases of perception deafness to be assessed as resulting from a rubella cause. The pigmented retinitis is sometimes central and, contrary to classical notions, provokes visual dysfunction. Difficulty in applying a correct diagnosis during the initial episode, and the usual lack of information given to the family in case of rubella during pregnancy, are common features in the vast majority of cases.
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PMID:[Rubella deafness. Audiometric, ophthalmologic, epidemiological aspects]. 688 21

Gregg's discovery is acknowledged. The effects of the rubella virus on the lens is discussed, including virus persistence in the lens, post-natal development and post-natal spontaneous absorption of cataract. The effect of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, cytomegalic inclusion disease echovirus and smallpox on the lens are described.
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PMID:Rubella and virus induced cataracts. 696 80

Birth weights of 42 full-term patients with congenital rubella syndrome were analyzed. All of these infants were products of pregnancies in which the exact dates of the maternal first day of last menstrual period and of the time of onset of the mothers' rubella rash were known. The range of time of maternal rubella associated with low-birth-weight was in the gestational age interval from 16 to 100 days. Low-birth-weight may have a relationship with time of maternal rubella rather than with the type of defects, i.e., cataract, heart disease, and deafness.
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PMID:Low-birth-weight and congenital rubella syndrome: effect of gestational age at time of maternal rubella infection. 729 13

Congenital rubella syndrome has a wide variety of severe ophthalmic and systemic complications. A worldwide rubella epidemic from 1963 to 1965 affected thousands of infants. This is a 20 year follow up study of patients with congenital rubella syndrome analysing the prevalence of ophthalmic disorders, associated systemic problems, and correlations among these defects. The authors statistically analysed 125 cases of congenital rubella seen in the Mayo clinic ophthalmology department over a 32 year interval. Most patients were young adults. Ocular disease was the most commonly noted disorder (78%), followed by sensorineural hearing deficits (66%), psychomotor retardation (62%), cardiac abnormalities (58%), and mental retardation (42%). Multiorgan disease was typical (88%). Ocular disease and hearing loss were frequently associated (53% had both) but not significantly correlated. A similar association existed between ocular and cardiac disease. Cataracts and microphthalmia were significantly correlated with poor visual acuity (each p < 0.0001). Glaucoma was significantly correlated with cataracts (p = 0.0002) and microphthalmia (p = 0.0024) but not poor visual acuity. Four patients with microphthalmia developed late onset glaucoma. No significant association was found between gestational age at time of maternal infection and the incidence of individual ocular conditions. However, several cardiac disorders were significantly associated with gestational age. Although new cases of congenital rubella are rare, surviving victims continue to challenge the ophthalmic and medical communities with a wide range of ocular and systemic disorders.
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PMID:Congenital rubella syndrome: ophthalmic manifestations and associated systemic disorders. 811 Jul 9

Congenital rubella is a preventable disease which has largely been controlled through immunization in the developed world. Serological surveys in India, however, indicate that up to 45% of women of childbearing age are susceptible to rubella and potentially at risk of infection during pregnancy. The authors tested saliva and blood serum samples from 95 consecutive infants of mean age 6.2 months with congenital cataract presenting to the pediatric department of the Aravind Eye Hospital in 1993-94 to determine whether the detection of rubella specific IgM from saliva is as reliable as from serum for diagnosing rubella infection and whether rubella is an important cause of congenital cataract in south India. 36 children of mean age 7.3 months attending the same clinic over the same period with a diagnosis of watering eyes served as controls. Serum samples were taken from 61 children with cataract, while saliva samples rich in crevicular fluid were collected from all 131 children using the Orasure device. These samples were then tested for the presence of rubella specific IgM by antibody capture. Rubella specific IgM was detected in saliva and serum in 17 paired samples and was absent in 44 paired samples. Saliva testing gave no false positive and no false negative results compared with serum. 25 of the 95 cases had congenital rubella infection confirmed by detection of rubella specific IgM in saliva. However, congenital rubella was suspected clinically in only 19 of the 25 cases. No control had raised rubella specific IgM.
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PMID:Congenital rubella in south India: diagnosis using saliva from infants with cataract. 856 37

A reverse transcription-nested PCR assay (RT-PCR) was evaluated for diagnosis of congenitally acquired rubella in utero and during infancy. RT-PCR was compared with virus isolation for retrospective detection of rubella virus in placental and fetal tissues obtained after termination of pregnancy following primary rubella or rubella virus reinfection. Concordant results were obtained for 85% of samples; rubella virus RNA was detected by RT-PCR alone in four samples, and rubella virus was detected by isolation alone in two samples. Samples were also obtained for prenatal diagnosis of congenital infection; rubella virus RNA was detected in three of seven chorionic villus samples and one of three amniotic fluid samples by RT-PCR, while rubella virus was isolated in only one chorionic villus sample. To demonstrate that the RNA extracted from chorionic villus samples contained amplifiable RNA, a nested RT-PCR was used to detect keratin mRNA. Rubella virus was detected in placenta in two cases in which the fetus was uninfected, and there was no evidence of rubella virus in the placenta from one case in which the fetus was infected. Thus, detection of rubella virus in chorionic villus samples by RT-PCR may not always correctly predict fetal rubella virus infection. RT-PCR was successfully used for the diagnosis of congenitally acquired rubella in infancy. Rubella virus RNA was detected in cyropreserved or formalin-fixed lens aspirates obtained from infants in India with serologically confirmed congenital rubella but not in samples from controls with inherited cataract.
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PMID:Use of PCR for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. 857 39

Cataract is the most important cause of treatable childhood blindness. There are an estimated 200,000 children blind from cataract worldwide; 20,000 to 40,000 children with developmental bilateral cataract are born each year. Rubella is still an important cause of preventable disease in many countries. In the developing world, there is a need to improve early case detection and referral services and to establish centers with expertise in the assessment, surgical treatment, and long-term management of the child with cataract.
J Cataract Refract Surg 1997
PMID:Epidemiology of cataract in childhood: a global perspective. 927 11

This study includes a total of 342 infants suspected of having congenital infections from January 1991-December 1993. Serum samples of these infants were tested for rubella specific IgM antibodies by mu ELISA. Of the total 342 infants, 52 (15.2%) were found to be positive for IgM antibodies to rubella virus. The commonest clinical presentation in infants with IgM antibodies to rubella virus was bilateral congenital cataract and hepatosplenomegaly.
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PMID:Prevalence of rubella virus in suspected cases of congenital infections. 1077 42

Many infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) are screened for TORCH infections. The yield and costs of such a practice may not be justifiable. Medical charts of infants with IUGR who had a workup for toxoplasmosis, other (infections), rubella, cytomegalovirus (infection), and herpes (simplex) (titer) (TORCH) infections were reviewed for the presence of clinical findings, laboratory and head ultrasound abnormalities associated with intrauterine infections. Maternal charts and reports of placental pathology were reviewed for identifying maternal illnesses and placental causes associated with IUGR. Seventy-five out of 182 infants (41%) with IUGR had a workup for TORCH infection. Maternal conditions associated with IUGR included: pregnancy-induced hypertension (19%), tobacco use (43%), alcohol abuse (21%), illicit drug use (24%), chronic hypertension, diabetic vasculopathy or collagen vascular disease (12%), and multiple gestation (3%). Placental pathology was available in 53/75 cases. Thirty-six of fifty-three (67%) placentae had abnormalities associated with IUGR: placental infarcts (22 of 36), vasculitis/villitis (15 of 36), placenta previa (1 of 36), abruptio placenta (2 of 36), and velamentous insertion of umbilical cord (1 of 36). Clinical findings among infants included hepatosplenomegaly, cataract or rash (1 of 75), thrombocytopenia and/or neutropenia and/or direct hyperbilirubinemia (11 of 75). Seven out of 75 infants had dysmorphic features. None of the infants (0 of 75) had positive IgM titers for toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), or herpes simplex virus (HSV). No infants (0 of 43) had elevated total IgM titers; one infant (1 of 57) had a positive urine culture for CMV. One infant had evidence of calcifications on head ultrasound and a second infant had hydrocephalus (2 of 43). The costs associated with workup for TORCH infections among 75 infants included: TORCH titers determination: $17,816, total IgM titers: $1318, urine culture for CMV: $5734, and head ultrasound: $28,165. The yield of workup for TORCH infection among infants with IUGR is poor and does not justify the incurred costs.
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PMID:Yield and costs of screening growth-retarded infants for torch infections. 1101 37


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