Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent research into fluoroquinolone antibacterials has led to the discovery of a number of compounds with greatly improved potency, spectrum, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. In general their safety and tolerance mirrors these attributes. Like previous naphthyridines, cinnolines, and fluoroquinolones, these agents may cause gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and cutaneous reactions, but these are usually mild and self-limiting, affect 5-10% of patients only and rarely require withdrawal from therapy. Extremely rarely, more serious CNS effects including fits and psychosis may accompany high dose therapy. Potentially serious problems, predicted by animal testing and including erosive arthropathy in juvenile rats and dogs, cataract formation and renal damage secondary to crystalluria, have not been encountered in clinical use. All of the new agents give positive results in some tests for mutagenesis but there is no evidence for mutagenicity or carcinogenicity in man. However, the possibility of mutagenesis and joint damage restricts the use of fluoroquinolones in children to life-saving indications only. Interactions may occur with other drugs. Absorption of these agents is interfered with by co-administered antacids, although not by H2 antagonists. Oxo-metabolites of enoxacin and, to a lesser extent, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin interfere with the hepatic elimination of theophylline and caffeine and may result in toxicity due to these agents if dosage is not modified. With the exception of these avoidable events, the fluoroquinolones have proved a particularly safe group of agents in clinical use.
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PMID:Adverse reactions and interactions of fluoroquinolones. 264 53

This follow-up study describes the 47 patients out of 1506 intracapsularly extracted cataracts (1505 patients) who presented with a psychotic reaction post-operatively. Matched non-psychotic cataract patients served as a control group. The mean age of both groups of patients was 78 years at time of surgery, female/male ratio was 39/8, and the mode of anaesthesia was local analgesia/general anaesthesia 16/31. The surgery had been performed in 1977-1979 and this follow-up examination in autumn 1983. Twenty-seven patients of the study group and 16 of the controls had died during the interval period. The difference between the groups was statistically significant. The patients of the study group were statistically significantly more dependent on nursing, and their mental performance, according to an orientation test, was more reduced, compared to the controls. Visual prognosis in the operated eye was unfavourable in the study group, versus the controls, mainly because of visual deprivation due to mental debilitation. Pre-operative vision did not predict future psychotic reaction.
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PMID:Psychiatric reactions complicating intracapsular cataract surgery. A 5 years follow-up. 399 45

Norrie's disease is an X-linked disease presenting bilateral blindness at birth or during the first few months of life. A white retrolental membrane is seen initially, later the eyes usually become phthisic. Dementia or psychosis appears in about 25% and sensory hearing loss present in 1/5 or 1/4 of the blind males. Carriers are clinically unaffected. The main differential diagnoses comprise retinoblastoma, retrolental fibroplasia, toxoplasmosis, falciform detachment, juvenile retinoschisis, sex-linked microphthalmia, sex-linked cataract and congenital retinal detachment.
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PMID:Norrie's disease. 500 36

This report presents a survey of disabling conditions conducted by village health communicators (VHCs) in 1989 in a rural northern Thai community. The disabled were first identified by a VHC and then examined clinically and socially by a health care team both to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to formulate an appropriate treatment plan. The overall prevalence rate of disabled persons was 6.3/1,000 population. The prevalence rate was higher for males than females and increased with age. Locomotor disability (48.8%) was the most commonly identified disabling condition, with visual disability (27.8%) the next most common. Communication disorders, mental retardation, and psychosis constituted the remaining 23.4%. Of the locomotor disabilities, the major disabling conditions were poliomyelitis, congenital malformations, traumatic amputations, and cerebral palsy. Unoperated cataract accounted for 72.0% of all cases with visual disabilities. While the true magnitude of the disability problem may be somewhat understated, the data reported in this study clearly reveal that there are many persons with untreated disabling conditions in rural communities, and that a significant number of them can benefit from medical treatment and rehabilitation. A survey utilizing VHCs may be helpful to identify the disabled in rural communities.
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PMID:Prevalence of disabling conditions in a rural northern Thai community: a survey conducted by village health communicators. 782 25

We present a family with congenital cataract with, in some cases, mental retardation and emotional instability, but intellectual deterioration in all affected members. The latter was accompanied by psychosis in some. The inheritance is most likely autosomal dominant, affecting two generations and consisting of a congenitally blind parent and 6 of 11 of her offspring. In addition to these features, some affected individuals had dysphagia and movement disorder, especially choreiform movements. They all showed small body mass, due possibly to poor nutrition from dysphagia. The pathological findings were unique, demonstrating selective atrophy of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. There was selective expression in paraffin-embedded sections of alpha B-crystallin (CRYA2) in oligodendroglia in all areas of the nervous system examined. alpha B-Crystallin is a major optic lens protein but also a heat shock protein and molecular chaperone found in brain and a number of other tissues. Because of the association of congenital cataract and the accumulation in oligodendroglia of alpha B-crystallin, the gene for this protein was sequenced for possible mutation. No mutation was found indicating other genetic locus. This family appears to have a newly recognized genetic disorder.
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PMID:A familial syndrome of congenital cataract, mental impairment, and dentate gyrus atrophy. 912 9

Lens changes and ocular disturbances have been reported in conjunction with the use of antipsychotic drugs. We estimated the incidence rate of a clinical diagnosis of cataract in patients with a psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, and compared it with the rate in the general population. Among the schizophrenic patients, we also examined the role of dose and duration of antipsychotic drugs on the risk of cataract development. We followed up two cohorts of patients 30-85 years of age who were included in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Patients in one group had a diagnosis of schizophrenia (N = 4,209). The other group was an age- and sex-matched cohort of 10,000 patients sampled from the source population. The incidence of cataracts was 4.5 per 1,000 person-years among the general population and 3.5 in the schizophrenia population. Overall, antipsychotic drug use was not associated with the occurrence of cataracts. Nevertheless, among long-term users of chlorpromazine at daily doses of 300 mg or greater, and among users of prochlorperazine, the relative risks were 8.8 (95% confidence interval = 3.1-25.1) and 4.0 (95% confidence interval = 0.8-20.7), respectively. There is no indication that schizophrenia per se is associated with an increased risk of developing cataracts.
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PMID:Are schizophrenia or antipsychotic drugs a risk factor for cataracts? 1105 20

The results of a national survey of disabled children in 1987 in China and the implications and recommendations for government and society to deal with recovery, education, and prevention are discussed. 41 questions were used to screen for children 14 years old with disabilities. Physicians followed up with positive identification of cases. The visually disabled were defined as those with corrected vision of 0.3. Hearing or speech disability meant hearing loss in both ears of 41 decibels, or aphasia, aphonia, or unclear speech. Mental disability referred to an IQ 50 or indicative behavior. Limb and trunk disabilities involved malformation or functional impediments of upper or lower arms or spine. Psychotic disabilities included mental or social functional disorders. Compound disabilities were also counted. 2.66% of the total children surveyed (1,579,316 in 369,448 households) were disabled and constituted 15.83% of all disabled (77,435). 65.96% children had mental, 14.2% had speech or hearing, 7.58% had physical, 9.87% had compound, 2.22% had visual, and .17% had psychotic disabilities. The error rate was set at 1.16%. Extrapolating to the national population, the 15.83% disabled translates to 8.17 million disabled children 14 years: 5.39 million intellectually disabled, 1.16 with speech or hearing disabilities, .806 with compound disabilities, .62 with physical disabilities, .181 with visual disabilities, and .014 with mental disabilities. 5 main features of the disabled are pointed out and discussed: 1) that males outnumber females, 2) that the qualitative rate increases with age, 3) that more disabled children are in villages than in cities, 4) that most have mental disabilities, and 5) that there are more minor disabilities than major disabilities. Several points are made concerning these figures. 1) Recovery is the remedy to many children's problems. 40-50% of all disabled needed hospital care or outpatient treatment including cataract extraction, orthopedic assists, and hearing and speech therapy. 2) Education is the basis of self-support for disabled children. 6.25 million were school aged but 44.75% (2.15 million) could not get to school. Special education schools and facilities need to be improved in order to comply with the compulsory education law. 3) Disability prevention raises population quality. Hereditary factors can be prevented with prevention of marriage between relatives, emphasizing "birth to the best," and preventive health checks before marriage and births. Hearing diseases can be cured with medical care. Prenatal health care, improved nutrition, and education of infants and children will help sociopsychological problems. Road accidents or external injury can be prevented through safety measures.
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PMID:A study of the current situation regarding disabled children in China and its countermeasures. 1234 79

Reactions in leprosy causing nerve function impairment (NFI) are increasingly treated with standardized regimens of corticosteroids, often under field conditions. Safety concerns led to an assessment of adverse events of corticosteroids, based on data of three trials studying prevention of NFI (the TRIPOD study). A multicentre, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted in leprosy control programmes in Nepal and Bangladesh. Treatment was with prednisolone according to fixed schedules for 16 weeks, starting in one trial with 20 mg/day (prophylactic regimen: total dosage 1.96 g) and in the other two trials with 40 mg/day (therapeutic regimen: total dosage 2.52 g). Minor adverse events were defined as moon face, fungal infections, acne, and gastric pain requiring antacid. Major adverse events were defined as psychosis, peptic ulcer, glaucoma, cataract, diabetes and hypertension. Also, the occurrence of infected plantar, palmar, and corneal ulceration was monitored, together with occurrence of TB. Considering all three trials together, minor adverse events were observed in 130/815 patients (16%). Of these, 51/414 (12%) were in the placebo group and 79/401 (20%) in the prednisolone group. The relative risk for minor adverse events in the prednisolone group was 1.6 (P = 0.004). Adverse events with a significantly increased risk were acne, fungal infections and gastric pain. Major adverse events were observed in 15/815 patients (2%); 7/414 (2%) in the placebo group and 8/401 (2%) in the prednisolone group. No major adverse events had a significantly increased risk in the prednisolone arm of the trials. No cases of TB were observed in 300 patients who could be followed-up for 24 months. Standardized regimens of corticosteroids for both prophylaxis and treatment of reactions and NFI in leprosy under field conditions in developing countries are safe when a standard pre-treatment examination is performed, treatment for minor conditions can be carried out by field staff, referral for specialized medical care is possible, and sufficient follow-up is done during and after treatment.
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PMID:Adverse events of standardized regimens of corticosteroids for prophylaxis and treatment of nerve function impairment in leprosy: results from the 'TRIPOD' trials. 1475 May 77

Quality of life (QOL), a kind of mensuration which reflect all sorts of actions and capabilities of the patients, cover with many aspects such as the human body function, psychology, psychosis status and social activities, therefore QOL is become an important parameter in the evaluation the results of clinical treatment. The effect of the cataract surgery should be materialized not only in the aspects of visual acuity and the visual function, but also in the improvement of the QOL, fundamentally. Here, the author make a summary include mensuration and questionnaire of the cataract related Quality of life, result of the QOL and it's affect factor after the cataract surgery, the relationship between the QOL and other visual test, and the attentions while using the QOL measure, etc.
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PMID:[Mensuration of life quality in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the cataract surgery]. 1619 58

Two schizophrenic patients who had been taking medication for a long period presented with visual disturbance of 6-month duration. Slit-lamp examination revealed fine, discrete, and brownish deposits on the posterior cornea. In addition, bilateral star-shaped anterior subcapsular lens opacities, which were dense, dust-like granular deposits, were noted. Although we strongly suspected that the patient might have taken one of the drugs of the phenothiazine family, we were unable to obtain a history of medications other than haloperidol and risperidone, which were taken for 3 yr. We performed a drug profiling test using urine samples and detected methotrimeprazine. The patient underwent surgery for anterior subcapsular lens opacities. Visual acuity improved in both eyes, but the corneal deposits remained. We report an unusual case of methotrimeprazine-induced corneal deposits and cataract in a patient with psychosis, identified by using the urine drug profiling test.
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PMID:Methotrimeprazine-induced corneal deposits and cataract revealed by urine drug profiling test. 2106 Jul 65


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