Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) has been applied in exponentially increasing frequency for various intraocular neovascular and edematous diseases, including diabetic macular edema, proliferating diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and chronic prephthisical ocular hypotony as complication of the surgical treatment of diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic macular edema, the edema may almost completely resolve, and visual acuity may increase as much as macular ischemia and the tissue destruction by the diabetic process may allow. For proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular glaucoma, investigations have suggested an antiangiogenic effect of IVTA. Using a side effect of IVTA, i.e. steroid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure, IVTA may be applied for the therapy of chronic prephthisical ocular hypotony due to an insufficiency of the ciliary body as consequence of a surgical treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The complications of IVTA include secondary ocular hypertension in about 40% of the eyes, medically uncontrollable high intraocular pressure leading to antiglaucomatous surgery in about 1-2%, posterior subcapsular cataract and nuclear cataract leading to cataract surgery in about 15-20%, especially in elderly patients within 1 year after injection, postoperative infectious endophthalmitis with a rate of about 1:500 or 1:1,000, noninfectious endophthalmitis, and pseudo-endophthalmitis. IVTA can be combined with other intraocular surgeries including cataract surgery, particularly in eyes with iris neovascularization due to diabetic retinopathy. Cataract surgery performed some months after the injection does not show a markedly elevated rate of complications. If vision increases and eventually decreases after an IVTA injection, the injection can be repeated. The duration of the effect of a single IVTA is dosage dependent (about 6-9 months with 20 mg, and about 2-4 months with 4 mg).
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PMID:Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic retinopathy. 1724 81

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the concentration of erythropoietin as another potent ischemia-induced angiogenic factor is elevated in eyes with neovascular (age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) or oedematous (diabetic retinopathy) maculopathies. The clinical comparative study included 28 patients with diabetic macular oedema, 59 patients with exudative AMD, and 49 patients with cataract. For all patients, aqueous humour was collected during cataract surgery or during an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Erythropoietin levels were measured using a solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay. The mean concentration of erythropoietin was significantly higher in the diabetic group (60.1 +/- 46.7 mUnits/mL; P < 0.001) than in the age-related macular degeneration group (22.9 +/- 23.2 mUnits/mL) and in the control group (22.0 +/- 21.0 mUnits/mL; P < 0.001). The two latter groups did not vary significantly (P = 0.41). The results indicate that erythropoietin may be present in considerably higher concentrations in eyes with diabetic macular oedema than in eyes with exudative AMD or normal eyes.
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PMID:Erythropoietin levels in aqueous humour in eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. 1736 63

Surgery for diabetic retinopathy addresses late secondary complications of a primary microvascular disease. Since surgery is not a causative therapy, the functional outcome of surgery depends on the degree of retinal ischemia and may be disappointing even in technically and anatomically successfully operated eyes. Typical indications for vitrectomy are vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, combined tractional rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and tractive macular edema. More recently diffuse diabetic macular edema has been shown to improve after removal of an attached vitreous in several cases. Neovascular glaucoma requires aggressive surgical intervention to salvage the eye. Cataract surgery is commonly performed in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. It may however deteriorate diabetic eye disease. Vitreous surgery also has a potential for severe complications in diabetic eyes which can be ameliorated but not eliminated by proper surgical strategies and techniques. The decision for an intervention in diabetic eyes always requires a careful weighing of risks and benefits of surgery.
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PMID:Surgery for diabetic retinopathy. 1738 64

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) belong to molecular chaperones, which protect prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells against deleterious effects, of stress. sHsps prevent stress induced, irreversible aggregation of damaged proteins and facilitate renaturation of bound substrates cooperating with other molecular chaperones. This review summarizes recent studies focused mainly on the involvement of sHsps in diseases related to protein aggregation. sHsps are often a component of protein aggregates forming during progress of neurodegenerative disorders. Mutation in sHsps genes have been identified, which are responsible for development of cataract, desmin related myopathy and neuropathies. sHsps protect cells against oxidative stress resulting from ischemia/reperfusion during heart or brain stroke. Several studies indicate that sHsp participate in regulation of apoptosis and are involved in cancerogenesis. Uncovering the sHsps role in diseases enable to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:[Small heat shock proteins--role in apoptosis, cancerogenesis and diseases associated with protein aggregation]. 1771 84

We report the case of a 30-year-old woman with recent onset of unilateral iris distortion and glaucoma that was noticed following uneventful laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). The corneal endothelium in the right eye appeared normal with the slitlamp microscope, and LASIK-related anterior segment ischemia was initially considered in the differential diagnosis. However, in vivo confocal microscopy revealed abnormal endothelial cells, confirming the diagnosis of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. In patients having refractive corneal procedures, in vivo confocal microscopy is recommended to diagnose preexisting corneal abnormalities that might otherwise remain undetected.
J Cataract Refract Surg 2008 May
PMID:Chandler syndrome manifesting as ectropion uvea following laser in situ keratomileusis. 1910 12

Antioxidants specifically addressed to mitochondria have been studied to determine if they can decelerate senescence of organisms. For this purpose, a project has been established with participation of several research groups from Russia and some other countries. This paper summarizes the first results of the project. A new type of compounds (SkQs) comprising plastoquinone (an antioxidant moiety), a penetrating cation, and a decane or pentane linker has been synthesized. Using planar bilayer phospholipid membrane (BLM), we selected SkQ derivatives with the highest permeability, namely plastoquinonyl-decyl-triphenylphosphonium (SkQ1), plastoquinonyl-decyl-rhodamine 19 (SkQR1), and methylplastoquinonyldecyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ3). Anti- and prooxidant properties of these substances and also of ubiquinonyl-decyl-triphenylphosphonium (MitoQ) were tested in aqueous solution, detergent micelles, liposomes, BLM, isolated mitochondria, and cell cultures. In mitochondria, micromolar cationic quinone derivatives were found to be prooxidants, but at lower (sub-micromolar) concentrations they displayed antioxidant activity that decreases in the series SkQ1=SkQR1>SkQ3>MitoQ. SkQ1 was reduced by mitochondrial respiratory chain, i.e. it is a rechargeable antioxidant. Nanomolar SkQ1 specifically prevented oxidation of mitochondrial cardiolipin. In cell cultures, SkQR1, a fluorescent SkQ derivative, stained only one type of organelles, namely mitochondria. Extremely low concentrations of SkQ1 or SkQR1 arrested H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in human fibroblasts and HeLa cells. Higher concentrations of SkQ are required to block necrosis initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the fungus Podospora anserina, the crustacean Ceriodaphnia affinis, Drosophila, and mice, SkQ1 prolonged lifespan, being especially effective at early and middle stages of aging. In mammals, the effect of SkQs on aging was accompanied by inhibition of development of such age-related diseases and traits as cataract, retinopathy, glaucoma, balding, canities, osteoporosis, involution of the thymus, hypothermia, torpor, peroxidation of lipids and proteins, etc. SkQ1 manifested a strong therapeutic action on some already pronounced retinopathies, in particular, congenital retinal dysplasia. With drops containing 250 nM SkQ1, vision was restored to 67 of 89 animals (dogs, cats, and horses) that became blind because of a retinopathy. Instillation of SkQ1-containing drops prevented the loss of sight in rabbits with experimental uveitis and restored vision to animals that had already become blind. A favorable effect of the same drops was also achieved in experimental glaucoma in rabbits. Moreover, the SkQ1 pretreatment of rats significantly decreased the H(2)O(2) or ischemia-induced arrhythmia of the isolated heart. SkQs strongly reduced the damaged area in myocardial infarction or stroke and prevented the death of animals from kidney ischemia. In p53(-/-) mice, 5 nmol/kgxday SkQ1 decreased the ROS level in the spleen and inhibited appearance of lymphomas to the same degree as million-fold higher concentration of conventional antioxidant NAC. Thus, SkQs look promising as potential tools for treatment of senescence and age-related diseases.
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PMID:An attempt to prevent senescence: a mitochondrial approach. 1915 10

It is accepted that tobacco smoking impairs different functions of the organ of vision and can be the cause of different eye diseases. It is well-known that tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 substances, some of them exerting toxic influence on the eye by producing the ischemia or/and oxidative stress. In previous years, the association between tobacco smoking and cataract, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), thyroid eye disease, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) were observed. It was also suggested that smoking might have a negative impact on the treatment of scleritis, thyroid eye disease and surgery of POAG. In last two years many interesting studies have been conducted on the influence of smoking on morbidity and the character of AMD, cataract, vascular diseases of the retina, cystoid macular edema complicating intermediate uveitis, refractive errors, thyroid eye disease and the function of the optic nerve and retina measured by electrophysiological techniques. Concluding there is increasing evidence that tobacco smoking is a risk factor in case of many eye diseases. This suggests that by eliminating smoking, it might be possible to decrease the morbidity of eye diseases in the future.
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PMID:[Present knowledge on the effects of smoking tobacco on the eye diseases]. 1918 88

To report a case of methylene blue related endophthalmitis. Observational case report. Review of clinical record, photographs. A 60 year old man developed endophthalmitis after methylene blue was accidentally used to stain the anterior capsule during phacoemulsification of cataract. His left visual acuity deteriorated from 6/12 to 6/36 two weeks after the operation. Despite intensive treatment with topical and intravitreal antibiotics, his condition deteriorated. A vitrectomy and silicone oil injection eventually managed to control the progression of the disease and salvage the eye. However the visual outcome remained poor due to corneal decompensation and retinal ischemia. Both vitreous tap and vitreous biopsy were negative for any organism. Methylene blue is extremely toxic to ocular structures and should not be used intraocularly.
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PMID:Methylene blue related sterile endophthalmitis. 1924 1

We report 3 cases of central retinal artery occlusion following peribulbar anesthesia. Those patients were scheduled for retinal detachment repair, removal of a pterygium, and cataract surgery, respectively. In patient 1, a peribulbar anesthesia was performed with 17 ml of ropivacaine and a compression with a Honan's balloon was maintained at 30 mmHg for 30 min to reduce intra ocular pressure and facilitate intra ocular surgery. In the second patient, 13 ml of ropivacaine was administered without compression of the ocular globe. Patient 3 received 14 ml of mepivacaine and compression was maintained at 30 mmHg for 10 min. In these 3 cases, the surgeon noticed a whitening of the retina during the postoperative period, corresponding with a typical occlusion of the central artery of the retina. Several mechanisms may be cited in an attempt to explain this retinal ischemia: the high volume injected, the speed of injection, a compression of the ocular globe at high pressures for a prolonged period of time, and/or an intrinsic vasoconstricting effect of local anesthetic agents.
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PMID:Central retinal artery occlusion after peribulbar anesthesia: report of 3 cases. 1945 54

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), originally discovered to function in the breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins, have gained the status of regulatory proteases in signaling events by liganding and processing hormones, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and other membrane receptors. However, MMPs also cleave intracellular substrates and have been demonstrated within cells in nuclear, mitochondrial, various vesicular and cytoplasmic compartments, including the cytoskeletal intracellular matrix. Unbiased high-throughput degradomics approaches have demonstrated that many intracellular proteins are cleaved by MMPs, including apoptotic regulators, signal transducers, molecular chaperones, cytoskeletal proteins, systemic autoantigens, enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism and protein biosynthesis, transcriptional and translational regulators, and proteins in charge of protein clearance such as lysosomal and ubiquitination enzymes. Besides proteolysis inside cells, intracellular proteins may also be modulated by MMPs in the extracellular milieu. Indeed, many intracellular proteins exit cells by non-classical secretion mechanisms or by various conditions of cell death by apoptosis, necrosis and NETosis, and become accessible to extracellular proteases. Intracellular substrate proteolysis by MMPs is involved in innate immune defense and apoptosis, and affects oncogenesis and pathology of cardiac, neurological, protein conformational and autoimmune diseases, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiomyopathy, Parkinson's disease, cataract, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Since the same MMP may affect physiology and pathology in different and even opposite ways, depending on its extracellular or subcellular localization, an additional layer of complexity is added to therapeutic MMP inhibition. Hence, further elucidation of intracellular MMP localizations and intracellular substrate proteolysis is a new challenge in MMP research.
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PMID:Intracellular substrate cleavage: a novel dimension in the biochemistry, biology and pathology of matrix metalloproteinases. 2081 79


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