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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a survey of Nordic contributions to the study of the development of vision, visual impairment, and ocular disorders in people with developmental delay. Visual impairment and ocular pathology are frequently observed in these individuals. We give examples of various combinations of ocular and cerebral disorders. We underline the central role of the ophthalmologist in the diagnostic, therapeutic, and counselling procedures, and stress that the quality and accessibility of eye health services have definite medical, educational and social consequences for this group of people. We suggest that our countries monitor vision and eye disease in all individuals with developmental delay at the following periods of life: 1) At the first assessment of developmental delay. 2) At 2-3 years of age. 3) At the beginning and end of school. 4) At 45 years of age and every five years thereafter. 5) People with Down's syndrome should be monitored for cataract at the ages of one month, one year, 30 years, and later as the rest of the patients.
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PMID:[Ophthalmological services to mentally retarded persons. A review and recommendations]. 781 10

Between 1982 and 1991, inclusive, a total of 13718 patients were treated in the Department of Eye Diseases in Plovdiv University of Medicine. Cataract patients formed the most numerous group (19.71%), followed by those with diseases of the retina (9.53%), glaucoma (7.95%), uveitis (4.9%), diseases of the cornea (3.86%), malignant tumors of the eyelids and the eyeball (2.29%) and diseases of the optic nerve (1.54%). Of these 13718 patients, 1727 (12.58%) had monocular and binocular vision below 0.08. The patients with visual acuity from 0 to 0.03 were 1330 (9.69%). Nosologically, they were distributed as follows: glacoma-422 (3.07%), eye traumas-281 (2.04%), diseases of the retina-270 (1.96%), diseases of the cornea-89 (0.64%), cataract-80 (0.58%), uveitis-77 (0.56%), malignant tumors of the eyelids and the eyeball-66 (0.48%), and diseases of the optic nerve-45 (0.32%). Glaucoma was found to be the most common cause of blindness among the patients treated in the Department of Eye Diseases, followed by eye traumas and disease of the retina. The importance of the vascular factor in inducing blindness is undeniably great. It is the underlying cause of the open-angle glaucoma, the diseases of the retina and the optic nerve.
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PMID:Blindness in different types of eye disease. A study based on the records of the Department of Eye Diseases in the Medical University, Plovdiv for the period 1982-1991. 786 90

Knowledge of the epidemiology of eye disease among the elderly becomes increasingly important as our population ages. Leading causes of blindness in the elderly include age-related macular degeneration, open-angle glaucoma and cataract. Few studies have examined the prevalence of these blinding eye diseases among senior citizens. A retrospective review of vision screening examinations from 429 patients seen at the UCLA Mobile Eye Clinic in visits to a Jewish senior citizens' center was performed to examine the distribution of best recorded visual acuity and prevalence of eye disease in a group of ambulatory Jewish senior citizens. Best recorded visual acuity was > or = 20/40 in the better eye for 83.9% of the patients. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration was 20.7%, and increased with increasing age (p < .00005). The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma was 6.3%. The prevalence of senile cataract was 59.0% and increased with increasing age (p < .00005). Despite the limitations imposed by a retrospective review of charts, our study provides an indication of the prevalence of blinding eye disease and distribution of visual acuity among ambulatory Jewish senior citizens in southern California. Except for the high prevalence of senile cataract, the prevalence data derived from this study are similar to other epidemiologic studies of eye disease in the elderly.
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PMID:Eye disease among ambulatory Jewish senior citizens in California. 792 87

Little information is available either for the clinical value of many ophthalmic tests performed preoperatively in the evaluation of patients for cataract surgery or for variation in ophthalmologists' use of such tests. To assess variation in ophthalmologists' use of ophthalmic tests, we conducted a national survey of American Academy of Ophthalmology members. Thirty-three percent, 17%, 37%, and 19% of the respondents reported that they "frequently" or "always" perform glare testing, contrast sensitivity testing, potential acuity measurement, and specular microscopy, respectively, in patients being considered for cataract surgery who have no history of eye disease other than cataract. In contrast, 27%, 54%, 24%, and 48% of respondents reported that they never perform each of these four tests in such patients. Two ophthalmologist characteristics--a surgical volume of greater than 200 cataract extractions per year and performance of surgery in an ambulatory surgical center or private office (as opposed to a hospital)--were independently associated with an increased probability of performing each of these four tests frequently or always. Ten percent or less of the respondents reported that they frequently or always perform electroretinography, visual evoked response testing, photography of fundus or anterior segment, B-scan ultrasonography, formal color vision testing, and formal visual field testing in such patients. Thus, there is considerable variation in ophthalmologists' use of glare testing, contrast sensitivity testing, potential acuity measurement, and specular microscopy. A small percentage of ophthalmologists may be overusing several other tests in the evaluation of patients being considered for cataract surgery.
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PMID:Variation in ophthalmic testing before cataract surgery. Results of a national survey of ophthalmologists. 760 65

Oxidative mechanisms are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related eye disease, in particular, cataract and macular degeneration, the two most important causes of visual impairment in older adults. For this reason, there is considerable interest in determining whether vitamins and trace minerals with antioxidant properties can be of benefit in preventing the onset or progression of disabling eye disease. Basic research studies have shown that antioxidants can protect against the cumulative effects of oxidative stress in animal models of cataract and macular degeneration. Data from observational epidemiologic studies in humans, however, are inconclusive. While results from several studies, primarily cross-sectional and case-control, are compatible with a possible protective role for micronutrients in cataract and macular degeneration, data for specific nutrients or specific disease types have often been inconsistent. Further, these observational studies are limited because of the inherent imprecision of dietary exposure data and the likely effects of uncontrolled confounding. Thus, reliable data regarding a potentially important benefit of vitamin supplementation in eye disease will emerge mainly from well-designed, large-scale, randomized trials. Such data are already being collected in the National Eye Institute-sponsored Age Related Eye Disease Study, as well as in the Physicians' Health Study and Women's Health Study.
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PMID:Antioxidants and eye disease. 808 81

Ophthalmoscopic examinations of 276 Entlebucher Mountain Dogs between 1987 and 1992 revealed a high incidence of inherited ocular diseases in this particular breed. A posterior polar cataract was seen in 42.4% of dogs examined. This cataract develops between one and two years of age and is in the majority of cases stationary. Development of mature cataracts was noticed in 8% of dogs with polar opacities. A progressive retinal degeneration (rod/cone-abiotrophy) was observed in 24.9% of the dogs examined. The fundus abnormalities are comparable to other forms of retinal degeneration, such as hyperreflectivity of the tapetal fundus, attenuation of the retinal vasculature, depigmentation of the non tapetal fundus, and pallor of the optic disc. Visual deficits were first seen at the age of 3 years, the majority of affected dogs going blind between 6 and 8 years of age. As a third suspected inherited ocular disease glaucoma was seen in 3.3% of the dogs examined. Glaucoma affects older animals. In the nine cases examined by gonioscopy goniodysgenesis was observed. Initially, glaucoma occurs unilaterally, but the opposite eye may also become affected, in which case animals go blind. Pedigree analysis revealed an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the cataracts and the PRA, whereas the mode of transmission is unclear for the glaucoma. 11.9% of the dogs examined had more than one inherited eye disease.
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PMID:[Inherited eye diseases in the Entlebucher mountain dog]. 817 8

A pilot study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ophthalmic disease in the Indian community of Southall and to ascertain the best methods applicable for a larger formal study. Three sites were chosen for the study, a Sikh gurdwara, a mosque and a Hindu temple. The subjects were volunteers aged 30 years and over who had visited the appropriate place of worship at least twice in the previous month. A total of 184 subjects were examined. The prevalence of blindness was 2.7% by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, while 9.8% had uniocular blindness. The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension was 2.7% and 7%, respectively. Of the 184 subjects examined, 58% had cataract and 3.8% had age-related maculopathy. The prevalence of visually disabling trachomatous eye disease was 9.7%. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 17.9%, and that of hypertension 22.8%. This small study suggests that people with origins from the Indian subcontinent have a higher prevalence of ophthalmic disease than the Caucasian population.
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PMID:A pilot study into the prevalence of ophthalmic disease in the Indian population of Southall. 819 34

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a combination of conjunctivitis and keratitis induced by an adenovirus that is found especially in eye clinics and in eye hospitals. In Bavaria, EKC represents a common eye disease and occurs in epidemics in the spring and early autumn. We report on 145 patients who presented with EKC in our hospital between March 17 and September 12, 1991, and who were evaluated prospectively (67 men and 78 women ranging in age from 4 to 85 years). The recent patient history was noted using a standardized protocol to analyze possible sources and pathways of the infection. Overall, 44 of the EKC patients (30%) remembered having undergone eye treatment during the incubation period of 2 weeks before the onset of symptoms. In all, 18 patients (12%) recalled that a family member had also had conjunctivitis during that time, and 4 patients (3%) reported the infection of a workmate during the 2 weeks prior to the onset of symptoms. In 82 patients (55%), no presumed source of infection was apparent. A total of 24 patients (17%) presumably acquired the infection during examination or treatment in our hospital. The main cause was the removal of foreign body, followed by cataract operation. In all, 20 patients (14%) had been treated in private practice during the incubation period; 14 of these remembered having had tonometry, and 4 patients had undergone contact-lens fitting. In 18 patients, virus isolation and serotyping from a conjunctival smear was conducted. In 12 of these patients an adenovirus could be isolated; in all cases it proved to be serotype 8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Main sources of infection in 145 cases of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. 822 Jan 3

Congenital rubella syndrome has a wide variety of severe ophthalmic and systemic complications. A worldwide rubella epidemic from 1963 to 1965 affected thousands of infants. This is a 20 year follow up study of patients with congenital rubella syndrome analysing the prevalence of ophthalmic disorders, associated systemic problems, and correlations among these defects. The authors statistically analysed 125 cases of congenital rubella seen in the Mayo clinic ophthalmology department over a 32 year interval. Most patients were young adults. Ocular disease was the most commonly noted disorder (78%), followed by sensorineural hearing deficits (66%), psychomotor retardation (62%), cardiac abnormalities (58%), and mental retardation (42%). Multiorgan disease was typical (88%). Ocular disease and hearing loss were frequently associated (53% had both) but not significantly correlated. A similar association existed between ocular and cardiac disease. Cataracts and microphthalmia were significantly correlated with poor visual acuity (each p < 0.0001). Glaucoma was significantly correlated with cataracts (p = 0.0002) and microphthalmia (p = 0.0024) but not poor visual acuity. Four patients with microphthalmia developed late onset glaucoma. No significant association was found between gestational age at time of maternal infection and the incidence of individual ocular conditions. However, several cardiac disorders were significantly associated with gestational age. Although new cases of congenital rubella are rare, surviving victims continue to challenge the ophthalmic and medical communities with a wide range of ocular and systemic disorders.
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PMID:Congenital rubella syndrome: ophthalmic manifestations and associated systemic disorders. 811 Jul 9

This article reviews the possible effects of various acquired or inherited eye disorders on the paintings and sculptures of some of the most famous artists. Were Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, Michelangelo and Monet affected by age-related eye disease which influenced their later works? Was El Greco's oblique elongation of his characters due to astigmatism? Was Constable a colour-defective? Was the Impressionist style of painting due to the myopia and cataract of its leading components? Are van Gogh's yellow and haloed paintings due to the ocular side effects of digitalis toxicity? These questions are discussed and some of the artists' works are shown to illustrate the points.
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PMID:Vision of the famous: the artist's eye. 812 35


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