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Query: UMLS:C0086543 (cataract)
 29,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ultraviolet exposure is an important risk factor for basal cell carcinoma. Since eyewear may have a photoprotective effect, this study evaluated the use of prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses in patients with periorbital basal cell carcinoma compared with other facial sites. There was no difference in prescription eyewear use between the groups, and only four patients in each group had regularly worn glasses since childhood. There was an increased occurrence of cataracts and cataract surgery in the group of patients with periorbital tumors, which may indicate a greater cumulative ultraviolet exposure to the orbital and periorbital sites in these patients.
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PMID:Eyewear, cataracts, and periorbital basal cell carcinoma. 142

Chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC11) lasts for an average of 74 years in the atmosphere, CFC12 for an average of 111 years, and CFC113 for an average of 90 years. Every CFC molecule destroys thousands of molecules of stratospheric ozone. Recently, the extent of the Antarctic ozone hole has been recognized. The depletion of stratospheric ozone may lead to increase ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. UV-B radiation has many damaging effects on human health, such as snow blindness, cataract and skin cancer. UV-B radiation also suppresses the immune defenses against certain infections. While it is difficult to estimate the numerical effect on the basis of epidemiologic data in the U.S. A., UNEP and WHO estimate that for every 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone, there will be between a 0.3 to 0.6% increase in cataract. They also estimate that for every 1% depletion of ozone, the incidences of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma will increase 2.7, 4.6 and 0.6%, respectively. There is also concern that increased UV-B radiation might lead to an increase of the incidence and severity of infectious diseases due to suppression of the immune system. Since the data on UV-B exposure are extremely limited, it is necessary to confirm the incidence rate of skin cancer in various countries in relation to UV-B exposure.
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PMID:[Risk evaluation of stratospheric ozone depletion resulting from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) on human health]. 209 28

Authors report a series of 192 eyelid epithelial tumors (187 patients) treated by curietherapy (192 iridium) at the Centre Claudius-Regaud, from January 1977 to December 1982. Curietherapy is an interstitial radiotherapy technique which inserts radio-active lines directly in the epithelial area. The first part of treatment consisted in using disposable vascular catheters as after loading procedure. In 90% of the cases, lesions were either on the lower lid or on the inner canthus. Tumors were mainly of basal cell type (77%). One thousand forty one tumors occurred in untreated patients: treatment was made for local recurrences in 51 cases. The control rate was 97% (186/192). Six recurrences were all observed in basal cell carcinoma. Four of them were cured by a second curietherapy, the two others needed a large surgical enucleation followed in one case by external radiotherapy. Late side effects essentially were functional and ocular. Functional side effects (19% of the series) consisted in eyelid hole reduction (5%), epiphora stenosis (6%), ectropion (4%) and loss of substance (4%). Ocular complications (3% of the series), were ulcerated cornea (one case) hypertrophic conjunctivitis (one case), iatrogenic cataract (two cases) and enucleation for recurrence (two cases). Iridium 192 curietherapy allowed a high local control rate. The best results were seen in untreated patients. Iatrogenic cataract eventually would be avoided by the use of lead contact lenses (recent utilisation not included in this series).
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PMID:[Curietherapy of palpebral epithelioma with iridium-192. Method and results apropos of 192 cases treated at the Claudius-Regaud Center]. 380 96

There are many potential complications which have been reported in association with the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. We have been able to show the relative frequencies of these problems in a population based study of 84 cases in the north west of England. The major complications of basal cell carcinomas and jaw cysts occur in over 90% of patients by 40 years of age, but may both occur before 10 years of age. Less well described complications are ovarian calcification or fibroma (24%), medulloblastoma (5%), cardiac fibroma (3%), cleft palate (5%), and ophthalmic abnormalities such as squint or cataract (26%). This study more clearly defines the possible complications of the syndrome and gives clearer guidelines for counselling and screening affected and at risk persons.
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PMID:Complications of the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: results of a population based study. 832 88

In radiotherapy for eyelid tumors, a sufficient dose is required in the target tissue while preserving the crystalline lens. A I-mm thick, 20-mm diameter lead contact lens was prepared for crystalline lens protection. The lens was coated with an acrylic polymer and weighted 5.5 g. Six MeV electron therapy was scheduled using a 10 mm bolus on the eyelid. A simulation experiment proved that 0.78 +/- 0.04 percent of the maximal eyelid dose was given at the crystalline lens portion. A total of 14 eyelids in eight patients with cutaneous lymphoma, angiosarcoma, or basal cell carcinoma were treated with the contact lens. No cataract was found after irradiation over an average period of 24.3 months. The combination of the lead contact lens, bolus, and 6 MeV electron beam was a simple procedure and provided adequate dose distribution in the treatment of various eyelid tumors.
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PMID:Lead contact lens for crystalline lens shielding in electron therapy for eyelid tumors. 877 76

Information on possible human health-changes associated with stratosphere ozone depletion and amplification factor (% increase of the stick rate by 1% decrease of ozone) values for acute (erythema, keratitis, cataract, immunosuppression) and chronic (skin cancer, cataract) effects of natural UV-radiation was analysed. Amplification factor (AF) values for acute UV-effects increase with degree of ozone depletion. For degrees less than 12.5% they are independent of latitude and equal to 1.9 for erythema, 1.3-1.5 for keratitis, 1.7-2.3 for cataract and 0.9-1.1 for immunosuppression. AF values for incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer are independent of age, higher in males than females, and higher for squamous cell carcinoma, than for basal cell carcinoma. Their optimal estimations for whites equal to 2.7 for basal cell and 4.6 for squamous cell carcinoma. AF values for incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma range between 1 and 2, for melanoma mortality--between 0.3 and 2. AF values for incidence of cataract range between 0.3 and 1.2 with optimal estimations between 0.6 and 0.8. Prognosis of non-melanoma skin cancer and cataract incidences, melanoma mortality and economic loss for different scenarios of stratosphere ozone depletion are presented.
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PMID:[Biomedical and economic consequences of stratosphere ozone depletion]. 963 27

The health risks associated with ozone depletion will principally be those due to increased ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation in the environment, i.e., increased damage to the eyes, the immune system, and the skin. Some new risks may also be introduced with the increased use of alternatives to the ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Quantitative risk estimates are available for some of the UV-B-associated effects, e.g., cataract and skin cancer; however, the data are insufficient to develop similar estimates for effects such as immunosuppression and the toxicity of alternatives. Ocular damage from UV exposures includes effects on the cornea, lens, iris, and associated epithelial and conjunctival tissues. The most common acute ocular effect of environmental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is photokeratitis. Also known as snowblindness in skiers, this condition also occurs in other outdoor recreationists. Chronic eye conditions likely to increase with ozone depletion include cataract, squamous cell carcinoma, ocular melanoma, and a variety of corneal/conjunctival effects, e.g., pterygium and pinguecula. Suppression of local (at the site of UV exposure) and systemic (at a distant, unexposed site) immune responses to a variety of antigens has been demonstrated in both humans and animals exposed to UV-B. In experiments with animals these effects have been shown to worsen the course/outcome of some infectious diseases and cancers. There is reasonably good evidence that such immunosuppression plays a role in human carcinogenesis; however, the implications of such immunosuppression for human infectious diseases are still unknown. In light-skinned populations, exposure to solar UVR appears to be the most important environmental risk factor for basal and squamous cell carcinomas and cutaneous melanoma. Originally it was believed that total accumulated exposure to UVR was the most important environmental factor in determining risk for these tumors. Recent information now suggests that only squamous cell carcinoma risk is related to total exposure. In the cases of both basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, new information suggests that increases in risk are tied to early exposures (before about age 15), particularly those leading to severe sunburns. Testing of a number of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) alternatives indicates that most of these chemicals have low acute toxicity, and low to moderate chronic toxicity. Some chemicals that were originally proposed as alternatives have been dropped from consideration because these tests raised concerns about toxicity and/or manufacturing difficulties. In one instance, high accidental occupational exposure was associated with liver damage, underlining the need for care in the use of these substitutes. Recent quantitative risk estimates have been developed for cataract, melanoma, and all skin cancers combined. These estimates indicate that under the Montreal Adjustments, cataract and skin-cancer incidence will peak mid-century at additional incidences of just under 3 per 100,000 and about 7 per 100,000, respectively.
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PMID:Health risks. 989 51

Ozone depletion leads to an increase in the ultraviolet-B (UV-B) component (280-315 nm) of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the surface of the Earth with important consequences for human health. Solar UVR has many harmful and some beneficial effects on individuals and, in this review, information mainly published since the previous report in 2003 (F. R. de Gruijl, J. Longstreth, M. Norval, A. P. Cullen, H. Slaper, M. L. Kripke, Y. Takizawa and J. C. van der Leun, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2003, 2, pp. 16-28) is discussed. The eye is exposed directly to sunlight and this can result in acute or long-term damage. Studying how UV-B interacts with the surface and internal structures of the eye has led to a further understanding of the location and pathogenesis of a number of ocular diseases, including pterygium and cataract. The skin is also exposed directly to solar UVR, and the development of skin cancer is the main adverse health outcome of excessive UVR exposure. Skin cancer is the most common form of malignancy amongst fair-skinned people, and its incidence has increased markedly in recent decades. Projections consistently indicate a further doubling in the next ten years. It is recognised that genetic factors in addition to those controlling pigment variation can modulate the response of an individual to UVR. Several of the genetic factors affecting susceptibility to the development of squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma have been identified. Exposure to solar UVR down-regulates immune responses, in the skin and systemically, by a combination of mechanisms including the generation of particularly potent subsets of T regulatory cells. Such immunosuppression is known to be a crucial factor in the generation of skin cancers. Apart from a detrimental effect on infections caused by some members of the herpesvirus and papillomavirus families, the impact of UV-induced immunosuppression on other microbial diseases and vaccination efficacy is not clear. One important beneficial effect of solar UV-B is its contribution to the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, recognised to be a crucial hormone for bone health and for other aspects of general health. There is accumulating evidence that UVR exposure, either directly or via stimulation of vitamin D production, has protective effects on the development of some autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Adequate vitamin D may also be protective for the development of several internal cancers and infections. Difficulties associated with balancing the positive effects of vitamin D with the negative effects of too much exposure to solar UV-B are considered. Various strategies that can be adopted by the individual to protect against excessive exposure of the eye or the skin to sunlight are suggested. Finally, possible interactions between ozone depletion and climate warming are outlined briefly, as well as how these might influence human behaviour with regard to sun exposure.
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PMID:The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. 1766 23

Dr Arthur Jacob (1790-1874), of Dublin, Ireland, was one of the leading ophthalmologists of his time. He was the first to describe the membrane that contains the rods and cones in the eye (membrana Jacobi) and basal cell carcinoma (Jacob's ulcer). He made a curved needle for cataract surgery from a sewing needle (Jacob's needle). Two descriptions of cataract surgery without anaesthesia are presented.
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PMID:Cataract surgery without anaesthesia: two descriptions by Arthur Jacob. 1970 32

The absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light by stratospheric ozone is crucial to the provision of an environment suitable for terrestrial life. Ultraviolet radiation is the part of the solar spectrum with wavelengths between 240 and 400 nm. Photons at wavelengths below about 320 nm can produce photochemical damage to the cells of living organisms. Data suggesting a causative role for UV exposure in squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, cataract formation, and (as yet) poorly defined immune suppression comes from epidemiologic studies and, in some cases, clinical observation and experimental work. The author concentrates on the direct health effects of UV radiation, although the factors that lead to stratospheric ozone depletion also exert other powerful influences on the biosphere that will have less predictable direct and indirect effects on human health.
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PMID:Medical consequences of stratospheric ozone depletion. 2124 21


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