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 4,089 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

42 strains of gram-negative bacteria, isolated from clinical material, resistant to trimethoprim (TM), sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) or both, have been tested for synergistic sensitivity to TM + SMZ. The combination showed no synergy against strains 'highly resistant' to SMZ (MIC greater than 1 mg/ml). Indifference was invariably observed. However, synergy was seen with strains 'moderately resistant' to SMZ (MIC 100--1,000 microgram/ml). Our results indicate that present techniques for the testing of urinary tract isolates for sensitivity to co-trimoxazole need revision.
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PMID:Combined action of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim against clinically-isolated sulphonamide-resistant bacteria. 38 18

The in vitro activity of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime against Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes was investigated. Synergy studies were performed using time-kill curves and the chequerboard test. The time-kill curves were performed on five strains each of Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Strep. pyogenes; cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime were tested alone or in combination at MIC and sub-MIC values. The chequerboard test was performed in microtitre plates on ten strains each of Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Strep. pyogenes: the results were interpreted by the fractional inhibitory concentration index. In some cases both methods showed synergistic interaction against the staphylococci tested. Indifference was observed against Strep. pyogenes.
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PMID:In vitro antibacterial activity of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime, alone or in combination, against gram-positive cocci. 210 79

The bactericidal activity of dactimicin, a novel aminoglycoside, has been tested in vitro in combination with piperacillin, mezlocillin and ceftazidime against freshly isolated Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobes and compared with that of amikacin. Using the checkerboard test, the combination of dactimicin and amikacin with the other drugs resulted in a synergistic interaction with the Enterobacteriaceae strains analysed in 36 out of 39 and 37 out of 39 cases, respectively. Antagonism was never encountered. With the Pseudomonas isolates, indifference prevailed with dactimicin, whereas synergism was observed with amikacin in combination with the other drugs. No case of antagonism was encountered. When the time-kill system was employed, synergism prevailed, indifference was a rare case, and antagonism was not observed. In experiments carried out with dactimicin-susceptible staphylococcal and enterococcal isolates, a synergistic outcome was obtained employing both methods. Dactimicin induced a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) which ranged from about 1 h with Enterobacter cloacae to 3 h with Escherichia coli after exposure of the bacteria for 1 h to 4 x MIC. The PAE was also evaluated employing several drug associations. An average of 0.6 h PAE was apparent when dactimicin was combined with piperacillin, mezlocillin and ceftazidime, and the bacteria were exposed for 1 h to drug concentrations corresponding to one-half their MICs.
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PMID:In vitro bactericidal activity and post-antibiotic effect of dactimicin, a new aminoglycoside, alone and in combination with other antibiotics. 275 11

To assess the activity of enoxacin, clindamycin and metronidazole, MICs of clinical isolates of saccharolytic intestinal Bacteroides spp. were determined, using the agar dilution method according to NCCLS guidelines. Checkerboard titrations of enoxacin-metronidazole and enoxacin-clindamycin were done on Wilkins-Chalgren agar; inoculation, incubation and reading of plates were as for determination of MICs. Metronidazole MIC 90s for Bacteroides fragilis (23 strains) and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (23 strains) were 0.5 mg/l, clindamycin MIC 90 for B. fragilis was 1 mg/l, and for B. thetaiotaomicron 8 mg/l, whereas enoxacin MIC 90 values were 16 mg/l and 64 mg/l, respectively. The evaluation of the inhibitory effects of the combination enoxacin-metronidazole for B. fragilis showed additional effects in eleven strains, indifference in seven strains and antagonism in one. The figures for B. thetaiotaomicron showed addition in five strains, indifference in 17 strains, antagonism in one. For B. fragilis the combination enoxacin-clindamycin showed addition in ten strains, indifference in six, and antagonism in one; for B. thetaiotaomicron synergism in one strain, addition in four strains, indifference in 17 strains. In conclusion, the absence of antagonism and the overall preponderance of additional and indifferent effects warrant the use of enoxacin in combination with metronidazole or clindamycin in clinical trials of treatment of anaerobic-aerobic mixed infections.
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PMID:[Susceptibility of clinically important Bacteroides species against enoxacin-metronidazole and enoxacin-clindamycin combinations]. 280 57

Effects of inoculum size on the comparative activity of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin and azlocillin against 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa known to be relatively resistant to carbenicillin were studied by using 10(4), 10(5) and 10(6) cfu/ml. Inoculum size markedly affected the susceptibility of Ps. aeruginosa to these antibiotics. An increase in the inoculum size from 10(4) to 10(5) cfu/ml had more effects on the MIC of the ureido-penicillins than the carboxy-penicillins. Mezlocillin, piperacillin and azlocillin with gentamicin or tobramycin showed mainly indifference. Synergism or antagonism were demonstrated against a few strains.
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PMID:Effects of inoculum size on the activity of carboxy- and ureido-penicillins and effects of combinations of ureido-penicillins with aminoglycosides against resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 308 74

Three multiresistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated, by the chequerboard and the killing curve methods, for in-vitro synergy between cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. The killing-curve method was standardized to give results comparable with those obtained with the chequerboard test (FIC index). This was achieved with combinations showing synergy by chequerboard (FIC less than or equal to 0.75) by using in the killing curves subinhibitory concentrations: half the MIC in single antibiotic assay and one eighth the MIC in the combinations. For combinations that showed indifference by chequerboard (FIC = 1) half the MIC was used for antibiotics alone and in combination. For the antagonistic combinations by chequerboard (FIC greater than 2) concentrations equal to the MIC were used with single antibiotics and combinations in the killing curve experiments. Prediction of killing curve results could then be obtained with the FIC index. The killing curve results could not be explained by pH changes or inactivation of the antibiotics.
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PMID:Interaction of aminoglycosides and cephalosporins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Correlation between interaction index and killing curve. 314 42

The in-vitro activities of fleroxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin against two clinical isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis were compared. The MIC of fleroxacin (4.0 mg/l) was comparable to that of clindamycin (2.0 mg/l), but was higher than the MICs of both tetracycline (0.4 mg/l) and erythromycin (0.2-0.4 mg/l). Repeated passaging of C. trachomatis in the presence of sub MIC concentrations of fleroxacin did not affect the MIC and resulted in a rapid and complete loss of inclusions. The effect of combining fleroxacin with the other antibiotics was investigated by chequerboard titrations of pairs of antibiotics. The mean fractional inhibitory concentration index was calculated for each combination. Results showed indifference for the combinations fleroxacin/tetracycline, fleroxacin/erythromycin and fleroxacin/clindamycin and synergism for the combination tetracycline/clindamycin.
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PMID:In-vitro activity of fleroxacin against Chlamydia trachomatis. 314 51

For the treatment of Legionella pneumophila infections erythromycin and rifampicin are the antibiotics of choice. In view of reported therapy failures other antibiotics, e.g. the quinolones, are currently under investigation. The sensitivity of L. pneumophila to four antibiotics and to combinations of antibiotics was investigated and the rate of mutations was calculated. For 20 L. pneumophila strains we determined the MIC of rifampicin (0.002-0.004 mg/l), erythromycin (0.063-0.125 mg/l), norfloxacin (0.125 mg/l) and ciprofloxacin (0.016-0.032 mg/l). Mutation rates ranged from 1 x 10(-8) for ciprofloxacin to greater than 1 x 10(-7) for erythromycin, resulting in high-level resistance to rifampicin in most strains and erythromycin resistance in one strain, but not in resistance to the quinolones. The combination of erythromycin and rifampicin was synergistic (FIC index less than 0.5) against four of the L. pneumophila strains and showed indifference (FIC index 0.5-2.0) for the remainder (mean FIC index 0.79). Combinations of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin and of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin showed only indifference (mean FIC index respectively 1.05 and 1.21). Combining rifampicin with ciprofloxacin was not effective in reducing the number of mutants for either of these antibiotics, whereas the other combinations did prevent this.
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PMID:Sensitivity and resistance of Legionella pneumophila to some antibiotics and combinations of antibiotics. 320 75

Eremomycin is an original natural antibiotic with glycopeptide structure isolated at the Institute of New Antibiotics, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Activity of eremomycin alone or in combination with tobramycin was studied with using 25 clinical strains of staphylococci. 56 and 88 per cent of the strains were respectively resistant to gentamicin and kanamycin, two aminoglycoside antibiotics. All the staphylococcal strains were sensitive to eremomycin in concentrations of 0.12 to 1 microgram/ml. The MIC of tobramycin for 10 (40 per cent) sensitive strains ranged within 0.25-2 micrograms/ml. For 60 per cent of the strains the MIC was equal to or higher than 16 micrograms/ml. When eremomycin was used in combination with tobramycin the antibacterial effect with respect to 17 strains (68 per cent) increased. In 32 per cent of the strains the effect was synergistic and in 36 per cent of the strains it was additive. Indifference and antagonism were detected with respect to 7 (28 per cent) and 1 (4% per cent) strains respectively. No significant difference was shown in manifestation of the synergistic-additive nature of eremomycin and tobramycin interaction with respect to the tobramycin sensitive and resistant strains.
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PMID:[Study of the activity of a new glycopeptide antibiotic eremomycin combined with tobramycin against Staphylococci in vitro]. 341 89

Garlic, onion and shallot were tested for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The MIC of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts were determined. Garlic showed the greater activity; the combination garlic-antibiotic is synergistic against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and leads to indifference against anaerobic bacteria. The active constituent is not probably allicin alone.
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PMID:[Antibacterial activity of species of the genus Allium]. 343 21


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