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Query: UMLS:C0085632 (apathy)
 4,089 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Large-bore coated (LBC) columns were used as sampling and concentrating traps in analyses for traces of organic volatiles in air and water. This simple technique utilizes long metal columns thinly coated with SE-30 for direct trapping of the organics. The sample is simply passed through the LBC column; the trapped organics are then thermally desorbed onto a conventional porous polymer pre-column or onto a second LBC column. If desired, this can be shorter or narrower bore than the initial LBC sampling column. The sample is finally desorbed onto the gas chromatographic column for analysis. Multiple transfers between LBC columns are possible, with increased concentration at each transfer, resulting in a "concentration pump" effect. The technique offers the advantages of great simplicity, efficiency and ease of sample transfer. Samples are obtained with low back-pressure and minimal interfering artifacts. The system shows almost complete imperturbability to moisture. Indifference to moisture and the low back-pressure enable direct sampling of very large volumes of air and even breath. Direct sampling of aqueous systems was also possible. The latter area was not fully investigated but offers potential for water pollution analysis and in direct examination of biological fluids and aqueous flavor extracts where heat sensitivity is a problem. With LBC columns the sampling and concentration sequence exposes the substances sought to no more drastic conditions than those they will be subjected to in the process of gas chromatographic analysis.
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PMID:Large-bore coated columns for sampling and concentration of organic volatiles in air, headspace and water analysis. 54 17

Hypercalcaemia would seem to be rare during immobilisation, whilst osteoporosis and hypercalciuria are constant. In fact, it often goes unnoticed. The case presented here confirms its predominance in the adolescent male. The reason for immobilisation seems to be irrelevant. The clinical symptoms are very variable: polydipsia, nausea, headache, apathy, anorexia. Blood calcium levels are raised, up to 14 mg%. This hypercalcaemia is due to very marked bone loss in adolescents, secondary to hyper-resorption and a temporary stoppage in osseous formation. The differential diagnosis from primary hyperparathyroidism is sometimes difficult but is aided by laboratory and histological findings. The essential is to consider the possibility of immobilisation hypercalcaemia in the presence of any suggestive symptoms in an immobilised adolescent. Treatment includes a return to weight bearing, adequate water intake and the administration of phosphorus, calcitonin, furosemide, and corticosteroids.
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PMID:[Immobilisation hypercalcaemia (author's transl)]. 59 68

Two groups of depressed subjects, one with a history of recurrent depression, the other with a history of persistent apathy, were given lithium carbonate 1,200 mg q.i.d. and supplementart potassium 1,200 mg t.d.s. for 1 week. Measurements were made before and after the lithium treatment of total body water (tritium space), extracellular fluid (sulphate space), total exchangeable sodium (Nae) and total exchangeable potassium (Ke) using sodium-24 and potassium-42 multiple isotope dilution techniques. Prior to treatment when compared with a group of normal subjects, both depressed groups showed changes in body fluid volumes and electrolyte levels. Total body water, intracellular fluid and intracellular potassium were lowered, while electrolyte levels. Total body water, intracellular fluid and intracellular potassium were lowered, while intracellular sodium was raised. After treatment with lithium the values in the apathetic group showed little change but the group with recurrent depression showed a significant increase in intracellular fluid (p less than 0.025), Ke (p less than 0.001), intracellular potassium (p less than 0.025) and a significant decrease in Nae (p less than 0.05). There was a marked increase in mood in the group with recurrent depression but not in the apathetic group following lithium treatment. These findings suggest that recurrent depression, both in clinical improvement, mood and also correction of water and also correction of water and electrolyte disturbances arise, but not in patients with long-standing apathy.
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PMID:Lithium in depression: a biochemical study. 83 Feb 57

The attitudes and practices of a selected sample of American obstetricians and pediatricians was studied in an effort to gain insight into why more mothers do not choose to breast feed their babies and why many mothers, who really want to breast feed, are unsuccessful in their attempts. Emphasis was on studying physicians' attitudes toward the general value of breast feeding and to the practical advice and help they give to mothers who want to breast feed their children. The names and addresses of a total of 205 physicians were obtained from the 1974-1975 Directory of the Los Angeles County Medical Association. The final sample included 105 obstetricians and 73 pediatricians. A 5-page self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all physicians in both samples. 46 usable obstetrician questionnaires and 52 usable pediatrician questionnaires were returned. 58% of the pediatricians as compared to 38% of the obsteticians said that breast feeding was "very important." None of the pediatricians said that breast feeding was "not very important" and only 4% reported neutral feelings about it. 33% of the obstricians gave these answers. It was not possible to determine the specific reasons why the physicians felt that breast feeding was or was not important. Only 30% of the physicians indicated that they routinely try to persuade their patients to breast feed. 52% said they would try to persuade a mother to breast feed only if she expressed an interest in it. 42% replied that they would encourage an undecided mother to breast feed. Many questions regarding the type of advice given by the physicians were concerned with the lactation management practices which are considered to make a crucial difference between success and difficulty. 73% of the total sample indicated that they discuss nursing techniques but only a minority reported that they give their patients either a prenatal or postnatal talk about the anatomy of the breast and the "let-down reflex." 42% of the pediatricians as compared to 7% of the obstetricians correctly instructed mothers to wash their nipples with water only. Books and other individuals (65% and 64%, respectively) were physicians' sources of breast feeding information. The study findings indicate that the attitude of American physicians towards breast feeding is generally 1 of indifference with pediatricians appearing more interested in and knowledgeable about breast feeding than obstetricians.
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PMID:Attitudes and practices of physicians concerning breast-feeding and its management. 105 37

Lesions in 4 field cases (3 sheep and 1 goat) of 'waterpens' or water belly, caused by the plant Galenia africana, are described. The clinical pathological and pathological findings in 7 sheep which were drenched with toxic plant material are also reported. Inappetence, ruminal stasis and apathy as well as tachycardia were noticed in some of the sheep towards the end of the dosing period. The most prominent clinical pathological change in the experimental animals was an increase in the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase which in some animals occurred within days after commencement of dosing. This indicates liver involvement in the early stages of the intoxication, and at this stage no heart abnormalities were detected clinically, clinical pathologically or with cardiac function tests. Decrease in cardiac function were recorded in 2 sheep towards the end of the dosing period. Liver and heart lesions were present in all the animals. In some cases hepatic changes were mild and characterized by dilation of central veins and sinusoids and, less commonly, centrilobular fibrosis. More advanced lesions included centrilobular fibrosis and bridging between neighbouring lobules with adjacent areas of coagulative necrosis, lysis and ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes. Myocardial changes occurred in the free ventricular walls and interventricular septum and comprised hypertrophy of myocytes with consequent degeneration and necrosis and fibrosis. In cases of longer duration myocytes were diffusely atrophic with scattered groups of remaining hypertrophic fibres. The clinical pathological and pathological features suggest that G. africana is primarily hepatotoxic with myocardial involvement occurring only in the terminal stages of the intoxication.
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PMID:Galenia africana L. poisoning in sheep and goats: hepatic and cardiac changes. 129 61

The subchronic toxicity of an aqueous extract of Viscum cruciatum Sieber, a parasite of Prunus amygdalus Stokes, was studied in Wistar rats. The extract at dosage-levels of 30, 120 and 480 mg/kg body weight/day was administered in the drinking water during 12 weeks; checks being carried out after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. No apparent symptoms of toxicity were observed, except for a slight apathy and reduced mobility in the batch receiving the highest dose. A slight leukopenia and a moderate increase in glycemia, uremia and plasma GPT activity was observed. No modifications occurred in the other constants studied. Histopathological analysis of the spleen, lung, kidney and liver were found to occur at the highest dosage-level, while in the other organs slight lesions of a reversible nature were observed. A certain degree of recovery was observed in the case the spleen at the end of the experiment. In all, it can be said that no manifest signs of toxicity were found in animals receiving the intermediate and higher dosages, though these were not found to be related to sex. Taken together all these observations indicate that the aqueous extract of Viscum cruciatum Sieber has a low toxicity within the conditions of our experiment.
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PMID:[Subchronic toxicity of Viscum cruciatum Sieber]. 208 Aug 35

Community water fluoridation has served the American public extremely well as the cornerstone of dental caries prevention activities for 45 years. The dental and general health benefits associated with the ingestion of water-borne fluorides have been well known by researchers for an even longer period. Continued research has repeatedly confirmed the safety, effectiveness, and efficiency of community water fluoridation in preventing dental caries for Americans regardless of age, race, ethnicity, religion, educational status, or socioeconomic level. Despite the obvious benefits associated with this proven public health measure, slow progress has been made toward achieving the 1990 national fluoridation objectives as listed in "Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation." This paper documents the lagging pace of community fluoridation by reviewing and analyzing data reported in "Fluoridation Census, 1985," a document published in late 1988 by the Public Health Service's Centers for Disease Control. Failure to attain the 1990 objectives is attributable to a combination of circumstances, including their low priority within many local, State, and Federal health agencies, inadequate funding at all levels of government, lack of a coordinated and focused national fluoridation effort, failure of most States to require fluoridation, lack of Federal legislation mandating fluoridation, general apathy of most health professional organizations toward fluoridation, misconceptions by the public about effectiveness and safety and, finally, unrelenting opposition by a highly vocal minority of the lay public. In addition, fluoridation successes have not been consistent among States, with wide variation in accomplishments documented in the reported data.While fluoridation still is one of the most cost effective public health measures available to local,State, and Federal public health agencies, it remains significantly underused nearly a half century after its discovery. Without a major increase in emphasis at the highest policy levels within local, State, and Federal health agencies, fluoridation objectives currently proposed for inclusion in the year 2000 national health objectives are not likely to be achieved. More private sector involvement and better coordination of efforts among all levels of government will be necessary to make significant improvements in progress toward universal fluoridation of all public water supplies in the United States.
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PMID:The status of community water fluoridation in the United States. 211 35

Two-bottle tests of solution acceptance were conducted in an outdoor aviary with eight common ravens (Corvus corax). Aqueous concentrations of the following chemicals were used: five common sugars, three salts, two acids, quinine hydrochloride, and sodium saccharin. Solution acceptance, as recorded for the different ravens on each test, was the percentage of preference shown for a test solution over water (comparison solution). Mid-range saccharin concentrations (0.10% to 0.80% [w/w]) were preferred over water in the tests. The preference for saccharin contrasts with all other reports on avian response to the chemical in two-bottle tests. Nonetheless, the ravens nonpreferentially accepted lower concentrations or were averse at higher concentrations to drinking sugar solutions. Similar, though more sharply marked, shifts from indifference to aversion were noted in tests with the other chemicals. The possible relevance of these latter findings to the food habits of ravens is discussed.
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PMID:Solution acceptance by common ravens (Corvus corax) given two-bottle preference tests. 223 95

The institutionalized elderly are at risk for developing fluid volume depletion with progression to hypernatremia. This is particularly common in patients transferred to an acute care setting from a nursing home. A marked reduction in intracellular fluid and the increase in body fat associated with normal aging predispose the elderly to water loss with very little environmental prompting. Conditions contributing to the development of fluid volume deficit include febrile illness, utilization of enteral supplements, gastrointestinal bleeding, use of loop diuretics, renal failure, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, and disability induced fluid restriction. This can lead to apathy and confusion, which are often incorrectly attributed to dementia. The utilization of Roy's Adaptation Model to this problem focuses on the regulator subsystem and the physiologic mode.
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PMID:Managing hypernatremia in fluid deficient elderly. 274 41

This study of S. haematobium infection in communities associated with irrigated schemes shows that prevalence rates are unusually high in adults, especially in men; and distribution disease is probably associated with at least the following three factors: (i) distance of the place of residence from the main transmission sites (ii) the dynamics of transmission in the waterbody and (iii) the human/water contact and contamination patterns. During this chemotherapy trial, at the first survey, only a little more than half (57.47%) of the people recorded in the census was present. Five visits of the survey team were necessary to obtain a compliance rate of 80.51% of the entire population. The indifference of the local people to seek diagnosis and treatment increased with succeeding surveys. It is only, during a subsequent treatment survey, carried out during the season of low agricultural activity and following an official written convocation, that a compliance rate similar to that of the first survey was recorded. If treatment is not given immediately after diagnosis as many as a fifth of positive cases do not appear for treatment. Oltipraz and praziquantel were administered. Their effectiveness could not be truly compared as there was a time lag of six months separating the administration of the treatments. However, based on the results of this trial both drugs gave good results especially in egg output intensity. But, a decrease of this parameter was also observed in non treated people. Seasonal variations of egg output or decrease of transmission could be involved.
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PMID:[Chemotherapy trial in the battle against Schistosoma haematobium in an irrigated sahelian zone in Niger]. 308 3


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