Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085632 (apathy)
 4,089 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With respect to 31 different selected test bacteria, all sensitive to benzyl penicillin (Pc), ampicillin (Ap), methicillin (Me), ceporan (Ce), cloxacillin (Cx), streptomycin (Sm), kanamycin (Km), gentamicin (Gm), chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracycline (Tc), polymyxin (Pm) as well as ambodryl [Am; an antihistamine (bromodiphenhydramine HCl) with distinct antimicrobial properties], it was found that Am in combination either with Pc, Ap, Ce or Me consistently showed enhancement of antimicrobial effects resulting from synergism. A combination of Am with either Sm, Km, Gm or Tc, on the other hand, showed only additive effects. An interaction of the activities of Am with Pm also resulted in indifference effects. Determination of the area of inhibition zone, calculated from its diameter for the degree of synergism in case of Am and Pc, showed these synergistic effects to be significant (P less than 0.05) in comparison with their individual effects: this was corroborated by the determination of the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index which was found to be less than 0.5. The synergism of Am-Pc combination was confirmed by in vivo studies by challenging mice with a virulent strain of S. typhimurium and looking for protection.
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PMID:Studies on synergism between penicillins and ambodryl (bromodiphenhydramine HCl), an antihistamine with antimicrobial property. 197 50

The synergistic activity of the combination cefotaxime-desacetylcefotaxime (CTX/dCTX) was compared to the effectiveness of seven other antimicrobial agents: cefoxitin (CFOX), cefotetan (CTAN), ceftizoxime (CTIZ), chloramphenicol (CLOR), clindamycin (CLIND), metronidazole (METR), and ampicillin-sulbactam (A/S) tested against 100 clinical isolates belonging to the Bacteroides fragilis group. All tests were performed using the NCCLS reference agar-dilution method. The overall susceptibility of these organisms to CTX/dCTX was 84% compared to CFOX at 78% or CTAN at 66%. The other antimicrobials inhibited greater than 90% of these isolates. There was no difference between the susceptibility rates of CTX/dCTX and CTX with the B fragilis (85%) or B. distasonis (75%) strains. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron showed a 11% greater susceptibility to CTX/dCTX than to CTX. Of the 100 isolates tested, 40% showed either synergy or partial synergistic interactions between CTX and dCTX. Most of the isolates showed indifference (52%), while 8% demonstrated antagonism; a relatively unique finding to date.
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PMID:Effectiveness of cefotaxime alone and in combination with desacetylcefotaxime against Bacteroides fragilis. 271 71

LY146032, a cyclic peptide antibiotic active against many Gram-positive bacteria, was compared to methicillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, cefuroxime and gentamicin against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis. LY146032 was uniformly active against clinical isolates of staphylococci, inhibiting 90% of strains of Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. Vancomycin was slightly less active than LY146032 against Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis, inhibiting 90% of strains at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l, respectively. All other antibiotics tested were less active than LY146032 or vancomycin against staphylococci. LY146032 was compared to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and chloramphenicol against strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B streptococcus, group D streptococcus (enterococcus) and Listeria monocytogenes and was found to inhibit 90% of the strains at concentrations of 0.25, 1.0, 32.0 and 16.0 mg/l respectively. The combination of LY146032 and chloramphenicol was antagonistic in vitro for one strain each of Staph. aureus and group D streptococcus and showed indifference against other strains of Staph. aureus(2), Staph. epidermidis(2), group D streptococcus(1) and L. monocytogenes(2). LY146032 in combination with gentamicin showed indifference against the same bacteria. On the basis of its in-vitro activity, LY146032 appears to be a promising agent for the treatment of serious community- and hospital-acquired staphylococcal infections.
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PMID:Comparative in-vitro activity of LY146032 and eight other antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria isolated from children. 282 47

The in vitro activity of selected penicillins, extended spectrum cephalosporins, vancomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, rifampin, and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (alone and in combination) was determined by microtiter technique for 20 isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. The activity of selected combinations of antimicrobics was determined by the microtiter checkboard technique. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1:20 ratio) was the most active agent in inhibitory tests and also showed bactericidal activity. The combinations of gentamicin with either ampicillin or vancomycin and that of erythromycin with tetracycline showed bactericidal effect in synergy studies. Combining ampicillin with an extended spectrum cephalosporin showed no antagonism, whereas, combining rifampin with trimethoprim or with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole led only to indifference or antagonism. These observations may have importance in selection of therapy in animal models or in selected clinical situations.
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PMID:Determination of the effect of antimicrobics in combination against Listeria monocytogenes. 310 48

Some aspects of typhoid fever in 77 children are discussed. There were 48 boys and 29 girls and their ages ranged from 1 month to 12 years. The patients were treated with chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg/d during the first 2 weeks and with either amoxycillin (100 mg/kg/d) or ampicillin (200 mg/kg/d) during the third week. The average duration of fever was 5.2 days. There was 1 relapse and 1 child, a baby aged 1 month, died. The correct diagnosis was not suspected by the referring doctor in 38% of the patients. On admission the commonest complaints were fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache and vomiting. The commonest findings on examination were tenderness or distension of the abdomen, apathy or delirium, rhonchi or crepitations, liver enlargement and meningism. There was anaemia (Hb less than 10 g/dl) in 23% and lymphopenia (less than 1500/microliter) in 43% of the patients. The differential white blood cell count revealed 5% or more unsegmented neutrophils in 32% of the patients, while 25% had 10% or more band cells. Two patients (sisters) failed to respond after 15 and 16 days of therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin because of resistant Salmonella typhi and were successfully treated with co-trimoxazole. Practitioners caring for black patients should always be on the alert for typhoid fever; some patients may not respond to chloramphenicol or amoxicillin. During the acute phase milk feeds are best replaced by soya products because of abdominal distension or aggravation of diarrhoea by milk.
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PMID:[Aspects of typhoid fever in children]. 376 9

The in-vitro activity of ampicillin, of mecillinam and of combinations of ampicillin with mecillinam, clavulanic acid or 6 beta-bromopenicillanic acid has been studied against 126 Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ampicillin. The combination of ampicillin with mecillinam showed synergy or addition in 60% of the combinations tested. Synergy was seen especially when the strains were resistant to mecillinam, indifference when they were susceptible to mecillinam. The combination of ampicillin with mecillinam was more active than the combination with clavulanic acid against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter, but not against Proteus, Morganella and Providencia. The combination of ampicillin with clavulanic acid was more active than the combination with 6 beta-bromopenicillanic acid in E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter strains.
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PMID:In-vitro activity of the combinations of ampicillin with mecillinam or with beta-lactamase inhibitors against strains resistant to ampicillin. 387 48

Antibiotic sensitivity of Ps. aeruginosa associated with Proteus was lower than that of Ps. aeruginosa monocultures. This might result to some extent from interrelationships between Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus. Tobramycin, gentamicin and cephotaxim (claforan) proved to be the most active against Proteus cultures isolated from the associations. Eight combinations of gentamicin and tobramycin with carbenicillin, ampicillin or cephotaxim were tested. It was shown that the activity of all the combinations with respect to Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus was almost the same. No indifference or antagonism was observed. The combinations may be recommended for clinical use.
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PMID:[Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus sensitivity to antibiotics and their combinations when cultured together]. 641 Sep 84

A case of moderately severe botulism was diagnosed in a 4 weeks old white female. Clostridium botulinum toxin was identified repeatedly in the infant's faeces by means of the mouse protection assay. Clostridium botulinum was isolated in pure culture from faecal material. Both the organism and the toxin were type B. The onset of illness was characterized by mild constipation, apathy, weak sucking and difficulty with swallowing. Incipient, probably aspiration, pneumonia was diagnosed at the same time. Further signs of botulism developed during hospitalization, viz. loss of head control, pooled oral secretion, weak cry, mild ptosis, reduced facial expression, generalized muscular weakness and reduced spontaneous activity. A nasogastric feeding tube was needed because the ability to suck and swallow was impaired. Immediately on admission of the infant to hospital emergency treatment was started with ampicillin, which was followed by penicillin injections. The infant recovered in 60 days. Subsequent medical examinations demonstrated that the recovery was complete and the development normal. The case represents the first instance of infant botulism detected on the European Continent.
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PMID:Infant botulism type B in central Europe. 703 93

In vitro susceptibility of several strains of six different species of clinical facultative pathogens involved in nosocomial infections in our hospital was investigated by a series of disc diffusion, broth dilution and Chequerboard titration testing. With disc diffusion method all the test strains, except Streptococcus pyogenes, were resistant to penicillin. 46% of the Klebsiella aerogenes and 73% of the Pseudomonas strains were generally resistant to cefotaxime. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotics correlated well with the results of the disc diffusion tests. Synergistic effects were demonstrated by various combinations of gentamicin, ampicillin, clindamycin, colistin, cefoxitin, and ceftriazone against resistant strains of S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes. Against S. aureus the effect of gentamicin/clindamycin demonstrated indifference. The need for stringent caution is strongly advocated in the selection of combination therapy for serious infections caused by some hospital bacterial strains particularly in acute care units. The clinical microbiologist should be consulted at all times during the process of selection of an appropriate combined therapy for expert guidance.
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PMID:Significance of antibiotics resistance amongst clinical bacterial isolates in Lagos. 780 33

Eleven clinical strains of MRSA which were detected as heterogeneously-resistant to vancomycin (hetero-VRSA) on Mu3-medium (a newly devised hetero-VRSA detecting medium) were subjected to a study to explore the therapeutic possibility of combination therapy. Combination effects of teicoplanin with six different beta-lactam antibiotics (imipenem, panipenem, meropenem, flomoxef, sulbactam/ampicillin, cefoselis), arbekacin, and minocycline were evaluated on the strains of Mu3, Mu50 and the above 11 strains. Combination of teicoplanin with five beta-lactam antibiotics individually (except for cefoselis) showed a synergistic effect, while that with cefoselis showed synergistic or additive effect. Neither indifference nor antagonism effect was observed in combination of seicoplanin with beta-lactam antibiotics on these MRSA strains. The degree of synergistic effect in combination with teicoplanin was the strongest in imipenem, followed by panipenem > meropenem > flomoxef > sulbactam/ampicillin > cefoselis in this order. The average FIC index of the beta-lactam antibiotics against these strains was 0.113, 0.124, 0.163, 0.230, 0.264 and 0.388, respectively. Arbekacin and minocycline showed variable of effects in combination with teicoplanine. In the case of arbekacin, the ratio of synergy, addition, indifference, and antagonism were 30.8, 30.8, 0 and 38.4%, respectively, and in the case of minocycline, they were 15.4. 7.7, 0 and 76.9%, respectively. Vancomycin activity against hetero-VRSA and VRSA is antagonized with beta-lactam antibiotics, while teicoplanin activity is synergistic or additive. It is known that MRSA is relatively easy to emerge resistance to teicoplanin. Therefore, teicoplanin is not desirable for a monotherapy. However, in a combination with beta-lactam antibiotics, teicoplanin appeared to be a promising agent for the treatment of MRSA infection.
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PMID:[Combination effect of teicoplanin and various antibiotics against hetero-VRSA and VRSA]. 1056 21


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