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The 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that people do not lose their right to maintain confidentiality of their HIV status upon being jailed. A case filed by [name removed], an inmate at the Albion Correctional Facility in New York, alleged that a corrections officer gratuitously disclosed her HIV-positive status and transsexual status to a coworker in front of other inmates. The disclosures exposed [name removed] to harassment by guards and prisoners. Although [name removed] died of AIDS-related complications in 1995, her estate continued the suit. Judge Dennis G. Jacobs ruled that while it was permissible to disclose such information for legitimate penological purposes, this revelation was done for gossip with deliberate indifference to the inmate's safety. The judge also found the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity because the right to privacy in a prison setting had not been established at the time of the disclosures.
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PMID:Prison employees not immune from HIV disclosure suit. 1136 34

This article discusses the extent of child rape in India, case studies of girl children in legal procedures, rape settings and perpetrators, public morality, and the nature of rape laws in India. It is concluded that there is no safe place for children. Currently, rapists are allowed to go free or are acquitted. Prevention and control of child rape must involve punishment of rapists. It is not appropriate that society ostracize the victim and her family. Victims should not remain silent. National Crime Records Bureau statistics reveal increases in rape during 1986-91. State figures are given for 1986-88. Madhya Pradesh had the highest reported incidence of rape in 1988. In 1993, Madhya Pradesh had a total of 2459 rapes. Nationally, 10,425 women were reported as raped in 1991. 51.7% were 16-30 years old. There were 1099 cases of pedophilia in 1991, which was an increase over 1990. Over 50% of the pedophilia cases were reported in Uttar Pradesh. The record of convictions shows very low figures. 1992 trial results of 276 rape cases indicated that only 46 persons were convicted. Victims suffer from psychological effects of embarrassment, disgust, depression, guilt, and even suicidal tendencies. There is police and prosecution indifference as well as social stigma and social ostracism of the victim and her family. Many cases go unreported. The case studies illustrate the difficulties for the victim of experiencing the rape and the social responses: police harassment, shame and fear, and occasionally public outrage. The case studies illustrate rape in familiar settings, such as schools, family homes, and neighbors and friends' homes; rape by policemen; and rape by political influentials. Most offenders are young, married, and socioeconomically poor. Mass media portrayals fuel the frustrations of poor and lonely men in cities. Rapists exhibit anti-social behavior or psychopathology. Sexual offenses are related to society's moral values.
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PMID:Child rape: facets of a heinous crime. 1215 4

Violence within older couples is a reality, not a myth. In this study, qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 women ages 60 to 81 who had suffered marital psychological violence. Husbands' psychologically violent behaviors were grouped into 14 categories: control, denigration, deprivation, intimidation, threats, abdication of responsibility, manipulation, blame, harassment, negation of reality, indifference, making the wife feel guilty, sulking, and infantilization. Control behaviors were found to be the central category. Control dynamics increased at retirement, when children left home and when husbands experienced a decrease in health status. Implications for practice are also discussed.
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PMID:Older women's experiences of psychological violence in their marital relationships. 1636 72