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In Arab and Islamic countries, domestic violence is not yet considered a major concern despite its increasing frequency and serious consequences. Surveys in Egypt, Palestine, Israel and Tunisia show that at least one out of three women is beaten by her husband. The indifference to this type of violence stems from attitudes that domestic violence is a private matter and, usually, a justifiable response to misbehaviour on the part of the wife. Selective excerpts from the Koran are used to prove that men who beat their wives are following God's commandments. These religious justifications, plus the importance of preserving the honour of the family, lead abusers, victims, police and health care professionals to join in a conspiracy of silence rather than disclosing these offences. However, a fair reading of the Koran shows that wife abuse, like genital mutilation and "honour killings" are a result of culture rather than religion.
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PMID:Violence against women in Arab and Islamic countries. 1292 Jun 14

Evan Stark claims that partner-perpetrated physical abuse and other forms of violence against women ought to be understood as a human rights violation. The authors engage Stark's rhetorically powerful political and analytical innovation by outlining one theoretical and one practical challenge to shifting the paradigm that researchers, advocates, and policy makers use to describe, explain, and remedy the harms of coercive control from misdemeanor assault to human rights violation. The theoretical challenge involves overcoming the public/ private dichotomy that underpins liberal conceptions of human rights.The practical challenge involves using the human rights framework in the United States, given public indifference to human rights rhetoric or law, reluctance of U.S. policy makers to submit to scrutiny or justice-oriented processes under international law on issues of human rights and especially war crimes, and the consequent U.S. legacy of refusal to participate meaningfully in the international human rights process. The authors conclude that employing a human rights framework holds potential in the United States, but the paradigm shift Stark advocates will not materialize without widespread mobilization of interest in and understanding of human rights among domestic violence advocates and the society in general.
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PMID:Reframing violence against women as a human rights violation: Evan Stark's Coercive Control. 1985 Sep 59

The violence against the elderly and disabled is widespread. This means that many people who witness acts of violence against elders and the disabled do not react. Instead, they are rather inclined to develop permissive attitudes. The presented article distinguishes two permissive attitudes toward witnessed violence against the elderly and disabled: justification and indifference. The rationale for such differentiation is justified with reference to differences concerning (a) the strength of their relationship, (b) their frequency distribution in the population, and (c) the disparate influence of the underlying predictors. A survey study carried out on a nationwide representative sample of 1,000 adult Poles was the empirical basis for answering research questions. The study showed that domestic violence against elders and the disabled is a noticeable phenomenon in the population of Poland. Around 50% of respondents claimed that they came in touch with physical, economic, or psychological violence against the elderly. More than 30% reported the same in the case of disabled persons. Based on this study, it was found that justification of and indifference to violence were actually unrelated phenomena. Moreover, justification was much less widespread in the population than indifference. It seems easier to accept excuses for passivity in the face of violence than to find justifications for violence. Both permissive attitudes turned out to have a disparate pattern of predictors: Justification turned out to be mainly a function of environmental exposure to violence, whereas indifference was mainly a matter of worldview based on materialism and the imperative of self-interest.
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PMID:Justification and Indifference: Diverse Permissive Attitudes Toward Witnessed Violence Against the Elderly and Disabled. 2635 99