Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085632 (apathy)
 4,089 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A patient with tuberculous meningitis developed a pellagra-like skin eruption after treatment with isoniazid. Administration of the drug was continued, and a topical preparation of niacinamide (nico-tinamide) was applied to one half of the face and the back of one hand. The areas treated responded rapidly, and subsequently all affected areas of the patient were treated, with almost complete resolution of the rash. At the same time, there was noticeable improvement in the patient's depression and apathy. We suggest that all of these changes could be due to percutaneous absorption of niacinamide.
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PMID:Topically applied niacinamide in isoniazid-induced pellagra. 12 35

The purpose of this work was to review the literature about the newborn neurological pathology and to compare it with our results starting from the observation of 650 children who born at the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre from September 1979 to June 1980. Out of these, 100 presented with neonatal neurological pathology. These newborn were studied as to the age of the mother at the birth time, Apgar rate, weight and cephalic perimeter at the birth time, probable etiologies, and clinical picture and evolution. These newborn were compared to control groups and the results were discussed on the grounds of literature. Out of 100 newborn with neurological pathology, 65% presented with pathological neurological examination and 35% with normal neurological examination. The 65 newborn with pathological neurological examination had hypotonia, decreased deep tendon reflexes, decreased or absence of superficial reflexes in 40 cases. Hyperactivity, hypertonia and tremors were observed in 25 cases. Coma was present in 6 of these newborn with apathy and hypotonia. Seizures were present in 41 cases. EEG was performed in 29 of these 41 cases in the first five days of life. The EEG was normal in 15 (51.7%) newborn and it was pathologic in 14 (48.3%) newborn. The 100 newborn had the following diagnosis: 37 birth anoxia, 13 hemorrhages, 24 meningitis, 14 metabolic seizures, 4 sepsis, 1 kernicterus, 2 chromosomopathies, 3 malformation, 1 cerebral palsy, and 1 congenital rubeola. Out of the 37 newborn with birth anoxia, 20 (54.1%) had a good evolution, 7 (18.9%) had sequela and 10 (27.0%) died. Out of 13 newborn with hemorrhages 2 (15.4%) had a good evolution, 5 (38.5%) had sequela, and 6 (46.1%) died. Out of 24 newborn with meningitis, 18 (75.0%) had a good evolution, 5 (20.8%) had sequela, and 1 (4.2%) died. Out of 58 newborn with a good evolution, 30 had normal newborn neurological exam, and 28 had transient alterations. Out of 23 newborn who presented with sequela later on, only 5 had normal newborn neurological exam. All the 19 who died, had pathological newborn neurological exam.
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PMID:[Neurological pathology in the newborn infant]. 653 54

The checkerboard titration method was used to test the synergy of cefpirome and cefotaxime with teicoplanin or vancomycin against 35 penicillin-susceptible, 34 penicillin-intermediate, and 31 penicillin-resistant pneumococci. The MICs at which 50 and 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC50s and MIC90s, respectively) of both cefpirome and cefotaxime were 0.016 and 0.06 microgram/ml, respectively, for penicillin-susceptible strains and 0.125 and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively, for penicillin-intermediate strains. The MIC50s and MIC90s of cefotaxime for penicillin-resistant strains were 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, and those of cefpirome were 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively. All pneumococci were inhibited by cefpirome at MICs of < or = 1.0 microgram/ml. The MIC50s and MIC90s of vancomycin and teicoplanin (0.25 and 0.25 microgram/ml and 0.03 and 0.03 microgram/ml, respectively) did not differ for the three groups. Checkerboard synergy studies showed that cefpirome and vancomycin showed synergy for 31 strains (fractional inhibitory concentration [FIC] indices, < or = 0.5) cefpirome and teicoplanin showed synergy for 18 strains, cefotaxime and vancomycin showed synergy for 51 strains, and cefotaxime and teicoplanin showed synergy for 27 strains. Cefpirome and vancomycin had FIC indices indicating indifference (2.0) for two strains, and cefotaxime and vancomycin had FIC indices indicating indifference for one strain. All other FIC indices indicating indifference or additivity were > 0.5 to 1.0. No FIC indices indicating antagonism (> 4.0) were found. Synergy between beta-lactams and glycopeptides for three susceptible, three intermediate, and three resistant strains were tested by the time-kill assay, and all combinations were synergistic by this method. Synergy between cephalosporins and glycopeptides can be demonstrated and may be useful for the treatment of pneumococcal infections, especially meningitis.
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PMID:Antipneumococcal activities of cefpirome and cefotaxime, alone and in combination with vancomycin and teicoplanin, determined by checkerboard and time-kill methods. 887 65

Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection in calves causes meningoencephalitis, a fatal disease highly prevalent in South America. To study the pathogenesis of BHV-5 infection in cattle, 12 calves (group 1: acute infection) and 11 calves (group 2: latent infection) were intranasally inoculated with an Argentinean BHV-5 isolate at 10(8) and 10(4.7) tissue culture infective doses, respectively; six calves (control group) were mock infected. At 3 months postinoculation, all of the calves in group 2 and three calves in group 3 were given dexamethasone to reactivate the virus. The animals were euthanatized between days 6 and 17 postinoculation (group 1) and between days 6 and 16 postreactivation (group 2). Seventy-five percent and 91% of animals in groups 1 and 2, respectively, excreted BHV-5 in nasal and ocular discharges. Following dexamethasone administration, 45% of calves shed virus in both types of secretions. Spontaneous virus reactivation and shedding was observed in one calf. Neurologic signs consisting of circling, teeth grinding, ptyalism, jaw chomping, tongue protrusion, and apathy were observed in two animals in group 1 and, during the reactivation period, in four animals in group 2. Macroscopic findings consisted of softening of the cerebral tissue, meningeal hemorrhages and swelling, and edema and hemorrhages of prescapular, retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes. Histologic lesions consisted of meningitis, mononuclear perivascular cuffing, neuronophagia, satellitosis, gliosis, hemorrhage, and necrosis and edema. Lesions in anterior cerebral cortex, medulla, and pons were consistently seen in all the animals of group 1. In the acutely infected animals, lesions in the diencephalon appeared at day 10 postinoculation, whereas in the latently infected calves these lesions were observed as early as at day 6 postreactivation. Latently infected animals developed lesions simultaneously in anterior cortex, medulla, pons, and diencephalon, showing a remarkable difference from the acutely infected group. Trigeminal ganglionitis appeared relatively early in animals of both groups (day 7 postinoculation in group 1 and day 8 postreactivation in group 2).
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PMID:Primary infection, latency, and reactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 5 in the bovine nervous system. 1212 46

A 1-year-old male chinchilla with a 2-week history of conjunctivitis suffered subsequently from neurological signs comprising seizures, disorientation, recumbency and apathy. After 3 weeks of progressive central nervous disease the animal was killed in view of the poor prognosis. A non-suppurative meningitis and polioencephalitis with neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed at necropsy and by light microscopy. The brain stem and cerebral cortices were most severely affected. Both eyes displayed ulcerative keratitis, uveitis, retinitis and retinal degeneration, and optical neuritis. Additionally, a purulent rhinitis with focal erosions, epithelial degeneration and intranuclear inclusion bodies was present. Ultrastructurally, herpes virus particles were detected in neurons of the brain. Immunohistochemistry with antisera specific for human herpes virus types 1 and 2 resulted in viral antigen labeling in neurons, glial cells and in neuronal processes. Viral antigen was found in the rhinencephalon, cerebral cortices, hippocampus, numerous nuclei of the brain stem, single foci in the cerebellum, and in a solitary erosive lesion of the right nasal vestibulum. Viral antigen was not detected in the eyes. The virus was isolated from the CNS, and nucleic acid sequence analysis of the glycoprotein B and the DNA polymerase revealed a sequence homology with human herpes virus type 1 of 99% and 100%, respectively. The clinical signs, the distribution of the lesions and the viral antigen suggest a primary ocular infection with subsequent spread to the CNS. Chinchillas are susceptible to human herpes virus 1 and may play a role as a temporary reservoir for human infections.
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PMID:Spontaneous human herpes virus type 1 infection in a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera f. dom.). 1241 Mar 90

A 30-year-old man and a 37-year-old woman with no history of tuberculosis developed symptoms of headache, vomiting and subsequent aggressive behaviour. After several lumbar punctures, the PCR test for tuberculosis in the cerebrospinal fluid was positive, and a definitive diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis was made. Treatment with antimycobacterial agents was not started until a few days after hospital admission. The man recovered, but was treated for brainstem tuberculoma 12 months later; the woman died on day 11 of hospitalisation. A third patient, a 31-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital for miliary tuberculosis. He had signs of progressive apathy and meningismus. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in his cerebrospinal fluid. Each of these patients underwent cerebrospinal fluid drainage due to communicating hydrocephalus and each had hyponatraemia. Tuberculous meningitis is a lethal complication of tuberculosis that is often diagnosed late due to the insidious nature of its symptoms. Early treatment with antituberculous drugs and dexamethasone--even before a definitive microbiological diagnosis is made--may prevent severe neurological damage and death.
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PMID:[Three patients with tuberculous meningitis: treatment started at tentative diagnosis]. 1862 20

Non-enterotoxin (CPE)-producing Clostridium perfringens type A has been associated with enteritis in calves. Recent evidence has suggested that a novel toxin, named beta2 (CPB2), is implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease, although there is little evidence supporting this. In the current study, the role of C. perfringens type A in an outbreak of enteritis in calves was studied. Two 20-day-old dairy calves exhibiting apathy and reluctance to eat, with paresis of the anterior limbs, were euthanized for postmortem examination. Gross and histological changes compatible with acute enteritis, rumenitis, meningitis, and pneumonia were seen in both calves. Clostridium perfringens type A non-CPE, non-CPB2 was isolated from the abomasum and the small intestine. Escherichia coli ONTH8 (with cdtBIII and f17 virulence genes detected by polymerase chain reaction) was also isolated from the brain, abomasum, and intestine from both calves. All the samples were negative for Salmonella spp. When the C. perfringens strain was inoculated into bovine ligated small and large intestinal loops, cell detachment, erosion, and hemorrhage of the lamina propria were observed, predominantly in the small intestine. The results suggest that non-CPE, non-CPB2 C. perfringens type A is able to induce pathologic changes in the intestine of calves, probably enhanced by other pathogens, such as some pathogenic E. coli strains.
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PMID:Necrotic enteritis in young calves. 2139 44

Colistin (COL) is one of the few antimicrobials that retain activity against carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). However, the emergence of COL resistance has renewed the use of combination therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of COL plus rifampicin (RIF) against clinical isolates of COL-resistant, carbapenemase-producing GNB. We employed 36 COL-resistant carbapenemase-producing isolates (27 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 5 Serratia marcescens, and 4 Acinetobacter baumannii) belonging to 36 patients. E-test/agar dilution of all strains was performed with E-test strips of COL placed on agar plates with and without RIF. In 11 patients, the synergy was confirmed by time-kill studies. Synergy was detected in 34 isolates, whereas indifference was detected in two S. marcescens. The E-test/agar dilution method showed comparable results to the time-kill studies. Seven patients infected with these isolates (two meningitis, four sepsis, and one urinary tract infection) were treated with the combination successfully.
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PMID:Activity of the colistin-rifampicin combination against colistin-resistant, carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. 2407 May 2

Pituitary gland involvement is a very rare entity of central nervous system tuberculosis. Tubercular meningitis (TBM) is a chronic meningitis on hypothalamic-pituitary axis which causes high morbidity and mortality hence it is the most dreaded form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Here we report a case of 24 year old female presenting with three months history of fever and headache along with altered sensorium since four days. There was also complain of secondary amenorrhea and generalised apathy. Neuroimaging revealed subependymal tuberculomas with meningitis and obstructive hydrocephalus. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was also suggestive of tubercular meningitis. Endocrinological investigations showed multiple hormonal deficiencies manifesting as pituitary hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and hypoprolactinemia. Anti-tuberculosis treatment was started, and it led to significant improvement in the general condition of the patient.
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PMID:Panhypopituitarism- An unusual presenation of tuberculous meningitis. 3143 93