Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085632 (apathy)
 4,089 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experimental reproduction of necrotising enteritis of sucking pigs was successfully achieved by using both Clostridium perfringens Type C strains, which had been isolated from sucking pigs with necrotising enteritis, and Type C strain 3628 of A.T.C.C. (sub-type C1). The lethal dose for sucking pigs was between 20 X 10(6) and 12 X 10(7) pathogens per animal. The disease could not even be induced by repeated application of no-bacterial toxin of Cl. perfringens Type C nor by administration of Cl. perfringens Type A strains which had been cultured from broilers with necrotising enteritis. Necrotising enteritis was found to develop in two phases in sucking pigs. First, the pathogen will deposit to the villous epithelium and then penetrate the superficial strata of the mocous membrane. In the second phase, the villous structure will be destroyed by the lethal, haemolysing, and necrotising toxins of Cl. perfringens. The role played by individual toxin fractions is discussed together with the importance of humoral and localised infection defence. Sucking pigs may be sufficiently protected against infection based on single or ten-fold lethal infectious dosage by two vaccinations of the mother animal, five and three weeks prior to parturition, using "Enterotoxaemia Vaccine Dessau bivalent". Infection then would not occur unless a hundredfold lethal dose was applied. Characteristics include diarrhoea, apathy, exhaustion, and death.
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PMID:[Studies of necrotizing enteritis of suckling piglets (Cl. perfringens typc C enterotoxemia) in industrialized sow breeding units. 3. Experimental reproduction of the disease]. 22 29

A combined antibiotic therapy is only useful in a few precisely defined clinical pictures where testing of the chemotherapeutics administered is required to determine their characteristics of action (antagonism, indifference, synergism) on the isolated organism. For the initial therapy of critical acute infections, simultaneous administration of cephalothin and gentamicin proved to be valuable. In the present study, the efficiency of these chemotherapeutics alone and in combination was investigated in a quantitative serial dilution test and with the membrane-filtration method. Thirty strains of Proteus mirabilis and enterococci showed only low sensitivity to the antibiotic alone. In combination, whereby gentamicin was at a constant level comparable to in vivo serum levels, an increase of bacteriostatic and bactericidal action could be demonstrated, especially for Proteus mirabilis. The antibacterial spectrum, the molecular-biological mode of action, clinical experience and possible side-effects of the cephalotin-gentamicin combination are discussed.
Infection 1975
PMID:[Studies on the in vitro effects of cephalothin and gentamicin, alone and in combination, on proteus mirabilis and enterococci (author's transl)]. 110 55

Dentistry has made great strides in infection control over the past 10 years. An effective asepsis program is part of "the standard of care" in dental practice as we approach the twenty-first century. Several areas of dental infection control are undergoing change as new information is obtained, thereby providing points for discussion and some controversy. An effective vaccine to protect against hepatitis B viral infection is available but has met with indifference on the part of many. This readily available protection should be obtained by all health care providers. Surface disinfection is another area of controversy. A variety of chemical agents with differing properties are available for use in dentistry. Many of these are effective as disinfectants but have limited cleansing action, and this must be considered in their application. The practice of prosthodontics also presents numerous opportunities for cross-contamination. The sterilization and disinfection of dental impressions, prostheses, appliances, and a variety of plastic and wooden items provide a challenge for future research as newer products and techniques are developed. Infection control has literally been placed in the hands of health professionals. We, our patients, and families will continue to benefit from our positive efforts in this area.
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PMID:Controversies in infection control. 240 44

To assess the activity of enoxacin, clindamycin and metronidazole, MICs of clinical isolates of saccharolytic intestinal Bacteroides spp. were determined, using the agar dilution method according to NCCLS guidelines. Checkerboard titrations of enoxacin-metronidazole and enoxacin-clindamycin were done on Wilkins-Chalgren agar; inoculation, incubation and reading of plates were as for determination of MICs. Metronidazole MIC 90s for Bacteroides fragilis (23 strains) and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (23 strains) were 0.5 mg/l, clindamycin MIC 90 for B. fragilis was 1 mg/l, and for B. thetaiotaomicron 8 mg/l, whereas enoxacin MIC 90 values were 16 mg/l and 64 mg/l, respectively. The evaluation of the inhibitory effects of the combination enoxacin-metronidazole for B. fragilis showed additional effects in eleven strains, indifference in seven strains and antagonism in one. The figures for B. thetaiotaomicron showed addition in five strains, indifference in 17 strains, antagonism in one. For B. fragilis the combination enoxacin-clindamycin showed addition in ten strains, indifference in six, and antagonism in one; for B. thetaiotaomicron synergism in one strain, addition in four strains, indifference in 17 strains. In conclusion, the absence of antagonism and the overall preponderance of additional and indifferent effects warrant the use of enoxacin in combination with metronidazole or clindamycin in clinical trials of treatment of anaerobic-aerobic mixed infections.
Infection 1989
PMID:[Susceptibility of clinically important Bacteroides species against enoxacin-metronidazole and enoxacin-clindamycin combinations]. 280 57

In Lesotho's central hospital 55 (25%) of 218 admissions for severe PEM died during 1981 and 1982. Most deaths (62%) occurred in the first week. The most important causes of death were acute GE and pneumonia in marasmus and kwashiorkor, respectively. The cause of death remained obscure in 16 children, however. In marasmus a poor prognosis was significantly associated with the finding on admission of a temperature less than 36.5 degrees C (P less than 0.05), apathy (P less than 0.01) and a depigmented skin (P less than 0.05), while in marasmic kwashiorkor only the finding of the latter was significantly (P less than 0.05) associated with death. In non-survivors with kwashiorkor the following characteristics were observed significantly more often: complaints of diarrhoea and/or vomiting on admission (P less than 0.05), the finding of apathy, pallor, skin defects and hepatomegaly on admission (P less than 0.01), and the finding of a low serum albumen, Na+ and K+ in the first days (P less than 0.05). Irritability was significantly (P less than 0.05) more common in survivors with kwashiorkor. Xerophthalmia was observed only once. Infections were diagnosed in 86% of all and giardiasis in 28% of 146 children. Twenty-eight children contracted measles of whom 5 died. Severe PEM still carries a high mortality despite hospitalisation. The findings confirm the need for intensive management of severe PEM.
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PMID:Severe protein energy malnutrition in Lesotho, death and survival in hospital, clinical findings. 310 Dec 51

Infection and undernutrition in young children are thought to act synergistically. However, studies of the relationship between low height-for age (stunting) and morbidity in young children have had inconsistent findings and there are few adequate data on the effects of nutritional supplementation on morbidity. 129 stunted and 21 non-stunted children aged between 9 and 24 months, from poor Kingston neighbourhoods, identified from a house-to-house survey, were studied. The stunted children were randomly assigned to supplementation or no supplementation. Every week for 24 months the mothers were asked about the occurrence of any symptoms of illness. Supplementation had no consistent effect on the incidence or duration of symptoms. The stunted children had significantly more attacks of diarrhoea, fever, anorexia and apathy than the non-stunted children. The differences remained after controlling for social background and previous attacks of diarrhoea. There was also some indication of more severe illness in the stunted than in the non-stunted children.
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PMID:The effect of nutritional supplementation and stunting on morbidity in young children: the Jamaican study. 846 79

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome has been observed in a large swine-farm. Diagnostic investigations were undertaken. Piglets infected with homogenate from the lung of a sick gilt developed biphasic fever up to 42 degrees C, inappetence and apathy. A few piglets showed red-blue discolored parts of the ears and of the skin in the abdominal region. A cytopathogenic agent has been isolated on cultivated alveolar-macrophages. Infection of another group of piglets with macrophages-propagated agent resulted in similar clinical signs too. Organs of euthanatized piglets have been examined anatomical, histological and with the fluorescent antibody technique. Specific fluorescence could be seen in tonsils, bronchial lymph nodes, spleen and in pathological-changed parts of the lungs. Antibodies against PRRS-virus were detected in blood samples of experimentally infected pigs.
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PMID:[Experimental reproduction of the respiratory form of infection with the agent of epidemic late abortion of swine]. 851 46

The nosocomial infection rate in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a private hospital was assessed during an 18-month survey. From 629 admissions to the ICU, 139 hospital-acquired infections were identified. The rate was 22.1% compared to the overall nosocomial infection rate of 15.3% for the entire hospital. In the ICU, the main infections occurred in the respiratory tract, 41 (29.5%), followed by surgical wounds, 35 (25.2%), urinary tract, 28 (20.1%) and the blood stream, 24 (17.3%). From 165 bacterial isolates, 80% of isolates were gram-negative rods, with P aeruginosa, 48 (36.6%), being the predominant gram-negative isolate followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 27 (20.6%), and Enterobacter sp, 22 (16.8%). The main gram-positive isolates were S aureus, 23 (41.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 17 (30.9%), and Enterococci, 11 (20.0%). Of the 23 S aureus strains, 15 (65.2%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA), (8 MRSA were from surgical wounds, 5 from the respiratory tract and 2 from infected urine). Only 2 of the 17 (11.8%) coagulase-negative staphylococci were methicillin-resistant, and both were isolated from wounds. Resistance to ampicillin and augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) was high, 81.9% and 55.4%, respectively. Gentamicin, aztreonam, piperacillin and piperacillin-tazobactam showed resistance rates of less than 15%. Infection control measures aimed at reducing nosocomial infections at the hospital are often frustrated by apathy of hospital administrators who apparently are insensitive to the high nosocomial infection rate. Effort by the infection control team through seminars, lectures and newsletters have begun to show improvements in attitude and awareness of staff to infection control and preventative measures within the institution.
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PMID:Nosocomial infections in an intensive care unit in a private hospital. 1208 69

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens play a major role in the morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients. The rise of resistance to current antibiotic therapies has made the discovery of new agents urgent. One of the major antibiotic resistance mechanisms utilized by more than 15 species of Gram-negative bacterial cells is the Resistance Nodulation Division (RND) efflux pump, which eliminates several classes of antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporin macrolides aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolonesx and tetracyclines. Here we describe a multistep process to identify compounds that inhibit the RND-type efflux pumps. This involves measuring the inhibition of accumulation of ethidium bromide in E. coli or Haemophilus influenzae cells and confirming that the inhibition is specific for the efflux pumps by using genetic constructs and biochemical methods to measure nonspecific inhibition due to e.g. intrinsic antibacterial activity or membrane disruption. In whole bacterial cells synergism antagonism or indifference of the combination of an antibiotic with the putative inhibitor is determined and this is then confirmed by quantitating viable bacterial cells in liquid culture over 24 h.
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PMID:Bacterial efflux pump inhibitors. 1843 15

Infections associated with the biofilms of Candida albicans are a challenge to antifungal treatment. Combinatorial therapy involving plant molecules with antifungal drugs would be an effective complementary approach against drug-resistant Candida biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three bioactive terpenoids (carvacrol, eugenol and thymol) in combination with fluconazole against planktonic cells, biofilm development and mature biofilms of C. albicans. Activities of the selected molecules were tested using a microplate-based methodology, while their combinations with fluconazole were performed in a checkerboard format. Biofilms were quantitated by XTT-metabolic assay and confirmed by microscopic observations. Combinations of carvacrol and eugenol with fluconazole were found synergistic against planktonic growth of C. albicans, while that of thymol with fluconazole did not have any interaction. Biofilm development and mature biofilms were highly resistant to fluconazole, but susceptible to three terpenoids. Sensitization of cells by sub-inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol and eugenol resulted in prevention of biofilm formation at low fluconazole concentrations, i.e. 0.032 and 0.002 mg ml(-1), respectively. Addition of thymol could not potentiate activity of fluconazole against biofilm formation by C. albicans. Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) for carvacrol-fluconazole and eugenol-fluconazole combinations for biofilm formation were 0.311 and 0.25, respectively. The FICI value of 1.003 indicated a status of indifference for the combination of thymol and fluconazole against biofilm formation. Eugenol and thymol combinations with fluconazole did not have useful interaction against mature biofilms of C. albicans, but the presence of 0.5 mg ml(-1) of carvacrol caused inhibition of mature biofilms at a significantly low concentration (i.e. 0.032 mg ml(-1)) of fluconazole. The study indicated that carvacrol and eugenol combinations with fluconazole would be a potential alternative strategy for prevention and control of biofilm-associated C. albicans infections.
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PMID:Sensitization of Candida albicans biofilms to fluconazole by terpenoids of plant origin. 2542 Apr 20


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