Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Long days initiate the hyperphagia, fat deposition, and nocturnal restlessness, characteristic of the vernal migratory state in white-crowned sparrows. Ovariectomy, when performed in November, but not when performed in January, prevented induction by long days (20L:4D) of vernal fat deposition, whereas autumnal fat deposition was not affected. This is consistent with results obtained previously with males. Very high plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) after photostimulation of ovariectomized females did not interfere with fat deposition. During fat deposition, levels of prolactin were not different from short-day levels and similar in ovariectomized and control females. However, ovariectomy performed in November suppressed the maximum levels of prolactin produced by long-day stimulation and inhibited or disturbed postnuptial molt. These effects were absent when ovariectomy was performed in January. Long-day-induced prolactin levels were higher when birds were photostimulated during a later phase of the annual cycle. It is suggested that castration does not interfere with long-day-induced vernal fat deposition via reduced secretion of prolactin in the absence of ovarian hormones or via supernormal secretion of LH, but that vernal fat deposition, prolactin secretion, and postnuptial molt require the presence of ovarian hormones prior to photostimulation. Autumnal migratory fat deposition, which is part of the cluster of events associated with photorefractoriness, has no requirement for gonadal hormones.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 1988 Sep
PMID:Effects of ovariectomy on long-day-induced premigratory fat deposition, plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and prolactin, and molt in white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. 319 64

The transformation frequency of Escherichia coli C-600, continuously cultivated in a chemostat operated at constant dilution rate, increased with increase in agitation rate (impeller speed). Cell counts at each impeller speed remained approximately constant. The phenomenon correlated with changes in mean cell volume associated with the changes in agitation rate.
J Gen Microbiol 1987 Oct
PMID:Transformation frequency increases with increase in agitation rate of chemostat-cultivated Escherichia coli K12, strain C-600. 332 76

Following an open trial of clonidine hydrochloride (3 to 8 micrograms/kg/day for 12 weeks), we studied the behavioral, cardiovascular, and neurochemical effects of abrupt clonidine withdrawal in seven patients with Tourette's syndrome aged 9 to 13 years. Five patients showed marked worsening of tics. After reinitiation of clonidine therapy, the time required for patients to return to prewithdrawal levels of tic symptoms ranged from two weeks to four months. Increases in motor restlessness, blood pressure, and pulse rate were also observed over the 72-hour period following abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. Plasma levels of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, homovanillic acid, and urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine increased during the withdrawal period. Clonidine's effectiveness in Tourette's syndrome may be dependent on changes in dopaminergic as well as adrenergic mechanisms.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Dec
PMID:Rebound phenomena in Tourette's syndrome after abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. Behavioral, cardiovascular, and neurochemical effects. 346 78

Results of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) are frequently abnormal in depression but not always. We performed the DST in 95 depressed inpatients to determine whether abnormal DST results were associated with individual symptoms of depression, latent behavioral "factors," melancholia, or severity of depression. Initial insomnia, agitation, loss of sexual interest, and weight loss correlated significantly with nonsuppression. Using multiple regression, these four symptoms contributed independently to the variance in DST results and more closely associated with the DST results than did severity or the diagnosis of melancholia or endogenous subtype. Factor analysis failed to identify a factor that correlated with the DST results more significantly than did the individual symptoms. Our findings and a literature review suggest that DST nonsuppression associates with certain vegetative signs of depression but not with such symptoms as loss of interest or anhedonia nor with "psychological" symptoms such as guilt, worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness, or suicidal ideation.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987 Sep
PMID:Does the dexamethasone suppression test relate to subtypes, factors, symptoms, or severity? 363 50

Symptom frequency and severity were compared in two sequential clinically referred samples of 95 children and 92 adolescents, aged 6 to 18 years, all medically healthy, assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Present Episode, who met unmodified Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the majority of depressive symptoms. However, prepubertal children had greater depressed appearance, somatic complaints, psychomotor agitation, separation anxiety, phobias, and hallucinations, whereas adolescents had greater anhedonia, hopelessness, hypersomnia, weight change, use of alcohol and illicit drugs, and lethality of suicide attempt, but not severity of suicidal ideation or intent. Adolescents with a duration of the depressive episode of two years or greater had significantly higher rates of suicidal ideation and intent, lethality, and number of suicide attempts than youngsters with depressive episodes of shorter duration. A principal components factor analysis of psychiatric symptoms was carried out in all 296 youngsters evaluated during the same period who met DSM-III criteria for any Axis I diagnosis. The majority had an affective disorder. Factors were quite similar for both adolescents and children and included an "endogenous" and an "anxious" factor, as in many studies of adult depression. In addition, three other factors were found: negative cognitions, appetite and weight changes, and a conduct factor. Suicidal ideation was a component of both the negative cognitions factor and the conduct factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987 Oct
PMID:The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. 366 42

Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns were examined in 27 psychotic and 79 nonpsychotic subjects with major depression to evaluate the validity of the psychotic-nonpsychotic subtype dichotomy. Sleep in psychotic depression was characterized by increased wakefulness, decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage, and decreased REM activity even after controlling for clinical differences in age, severity, and agitation. Psychotic depressive subjects also were more likely to have extremely short sleep-onset REM latencies. In psychotic depression EEG sleep varied as a function of total illness duration. Patients with recent-onset syndromes had profiles characterized by marked initial insomnia, increased stage 1 sleep percentage, and long REM latency; patients with illnesses of longer duration had extremely short REM latencies. Demonstration of selected EEG sleep variables discriminating between psychotic and nonpsychotic depression further supports psychotic depression as a distinct subtype of major affective disorder.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Sep
PMID:Electroencephalographic sleep in psychotic depression. A valid subtype? 375 66

A middle-aged man, who presented to the emergency room because of bizarre outbursts of laughter, was found to be in partial complex status epilepticus. His seizure disorder had been misdiagnosed, at various times, as a variety of "functional" psychiatric disorders. Despite proper diagnosis and aggressive treatment, management was difficult, being complicated by postictal agitation and confusion, postictal psychosis, and interictal compulsive and paranoid personality features. This case is described, and issues of diagnosis and management in partial complex epilepsy are briefly discussed. The importance of not overlooking organic and especially epileptic factors, despite the presence of prior psychiatric illness, psychologic contributors, and environmental stressors, is emphasized.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1986 Jan
PMID:Complex partial status epilepticus presenting as gelastic seizures: a case report. 394 17

To test the validity, magnitude, and clinical significance of the signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal defined by DSM-III, both observed and reported signs and symptoms were measured in 50 smokers during two days of ad lib smoking and then during the first four days of abstinence. Observer and subject ratings of the DSM-III symptoms of craving for tobacco, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and restlessness increased after cessation. In addition, bradycardia, impatience, somatic complaints, insomnia, increased hunger, and increased eating occurred after cessation. The frequency and intensity of these symptoms varied across subjects; however, the average distress from tobacco withdrawal was similar to that observed in psychiatric outpatients. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort were more tolerant to the cardiovascular effects of nicotine. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort did not have a lower rate of smoking cessation.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Mar
PMID:Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. 395 51

This article discusses the causes of sleeplessness and its long-term management. Sleep may be repeatedly disturbed by pain, dyspnoea, micturition, or restlessness. The sleep patterns of the diseases which produce these symptoms are given, with an explanation in physiological terms of why they disturb sleep. A knowledge of these sleep patterns provides a valuable aid to diagnosis. It is concluded that there is only one condition, senility leading to senile dementia, for which long-term night sedation is justified.
J R Coll Gen Pract 1974 Aug
PMID:The clinical significance of disturbed sleep and the use of hypnotics. 437 78

This paper presents the usage of psychotropic drugs by all general inpatients of a Boston teaching and referral hospital on a randomly chosen weekday. Of all surveyed inpatients, 42.8% were receiving at least one psychotropic medication. Sleep medications were the most frequently prescribed class of psychotropic drugs and flurazepam was the most commonly prescribed of all drugs. Phenothiazine and neuroleptics were given to control agitation, pain, or nausea, rather than psychosis. Antidepressants were prescribed without notated justification in the medical record, and if given for depression, were underdosed. Diazepam was the most frequently prescribed antianxiety drug and was the most frequently prescribed psychotropic drug after flurazepam. Psychotropic drug polypharmacy was common, with the average patient receiving seven different drugs. Remedial approaches to this widespread problem are recommended.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1981 Mar
PMID:Psychotropic drug use and polypharmacy in a general hospital. 611 14


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