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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The dissolution rate of compressed salicylamide discs has been measured in water and in caffeine solutions of increasing concentration at 15, 25, 37 and 45 degrees in an apparatus rotating at 48 rev min-1 or more. Dissolution rate profiles showed breaks indicative of a shift in the mechanism of dissolution from interfacial towards transport control. The shifts occurred at higher caffeine concentrations on increasing the agitation rate or temperature. The dependencies of dissolution rates on agitation rates typified the intermediate type of dissolution and Arrhenius plots indicated that interfacial and transport processes participated in salicylamide dissolution.
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PMID:The dissolution mechanism in a system undergoing complexation: salicylamide in caffeine solution. 2 Dec 54

In the dose range of 4.0--32.0 mg/kg s.c., caffeine produced most of the signs which are commonly seen after the administration of naloxone (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) to morphine-dependent monkeys. The signs designated as lying on side or abdomen, avoiding contact, vocalizing, crawling or rolling, restlessness or pacing, tremors, retching, vomiting, coughing, vocalizing when abdomen palpated, rigid abdomen and salivation were noted. A randomized and blind experimental design, which included vehicle and positive (naloxone) controls was used. The significance of the differences between total scores for the whole syndrome was tested by the Mann-Whitney U-test. In preliminary studies in naive monkeys, caffeine was found to elicit some withdrawal signs but the results were equivocal. Na benzoate also elicited some withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent monkeys at 32.0 mg/kg s.c., but few signs were seen in naive monkeys. Caffeine was found to be approximately 10X more active than Na benzoate in inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in a neuroblastoma cell whole homogenate assay. These results are consistent with the observations of Collier and Francis that morphine abstinence in rodents is associated with increased brain levels of cAMP.
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PMID:Caffeine elicited withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys. 21 Oct 41

Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.
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PMID:Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. 140 84

The effects of oral administration of caffeine (10 mg/kg) on behavioral ratings, somatic symptoms, blood pressure and plasma levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) and cortisol were determined in 17 healthy subjects and 21 patients meeting DSM-III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks or panic disorder. Caffeine produced significantly greater increases in subject-rated anxiety, nervousness, fear, nausea, palpitations, restlessness, and tremors in the patients compared with healthy subjects. In the patients, but not the healthy subjects, these symptoms were significantly correlated with plasma caffeine levels. Seventy-one percent of the patients reported that the behavioral effects of caffeine were similar to those experienced during panic attacks. Caffeine did not alter plasma MHPG levels in either the healthy subjects or patients. Caffeine increased plasma cortisol levels equally in the patient and healthy groups. Because caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist, these results suggest that some panic disorder patients may have abnormalities in neuronal systems involving adenosine. Patients with anxiety disorders may benefit by avoiding caffeine-containing foods and beverages.
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PMID:Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders. 298 30

It is well established that at low and clinically relevant concentrations theophylline (and caffeine) exerts antagonism at cell surface receptor sites for adenosine. However, it is not known which actions of theophylline are due to adenosine antagonism, because theophylline apparently activates other cellular mechanisms at the same low concentrations. Investigations into the actions of xanthines and their structure activity relationships have identified xanthine compounds like enprofylline (3-propylxanthine) that only has some actions in common with theophylline and that has a negligible ability to antagonize adenosine. Enprofylline is a more potent smooth muscle relaxant and antiasthmatic drug than theophylline but does not produce, e.g., theophylline-like diuretic effects, CNS-stimulant behavioural effects (restlessness - seizures), gastric secretory effects and release of free fatty acids. It is proposed that pharmacodynamic dissimilarities between enprofylline and theophylline may indicate physiological roles of adenosine.
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PMID:Effects of enprofylline and theophylline may show the role of adenosine. 300 2

A 16 year old male who ingested an estimated 6-8 grams of caffeine is described. Caffeine is commonly thought to be harmless, but its wide availability has promoted abuse. This patient manifested many of the adverse effects seen in acute caffeine ingestion including hypokalemia, elevated blood glucose, tachycardia, bigeminy and agitation. Respiratory alkalosis and chest pain, which have not been previously reported to our knowledge in caffeine overdose, were also noted in this patient. Three serum caffeine levels were analyzed and an abnormally long elimination half-life of approximately 16 hours was calculated from the results.
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PMID:Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male. 319 94

The effects of diazepam (DZ) (0, 10, and 20 mg) and caffeine (CAF) (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg) alone and in combination were examined in nine healthy male subjects using a within-subject experimental design in which all subjects received all twelve possible dose combinations. Drug effects were assessed using various psychomotor and cognitive performance tasks, staff (observer) ratings of subject behavior, and subject ratings of mood and drug effect. DZ treatment alone impaired performance on all tasks and produced staff and subject ratings indicative of sedative drug effects. CAF treatment alone facilitated performance on two psychomotor tasks requiring rapid reaction speed and increased staff ratings of subject restlessness and subject ratings of tension, alertness, arousal, and CAF symptoms. CAF generally antagonized the DZ-induced ratings of sedation and impairment of psychomotor performance; however, CAF did not consistently antagonize the DZ impairment of immediate recall or delayed recognition memory performance. DZ antagonized the CAF-induced staff-rated restlessness, and subject-ratings of tension, alertness, arousal and CAF symptoms. The results generally support the hypothesis that DZ and CAF produce antagonistic effects through functionally opposing mechanisms, however, the observed effects of drug combinations are dependent on the specific doses being tested and on the measures of drug effect being examined.
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PMID:Interactions of diazepam and caffeine: behavioral and subjective dose effects in humans. 360 37

Over-the-counter stimulants (phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, caffeine) are used widely as decongestants, anorectic agents, amphetamine substitutes, and "legal stimulants." Toxic effects may result from overdose, drug interactions, or diseases that increase sensitivity to sympathomimetic agents. The most important toxic effect of the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylpropanolamine is hypertension, which may result in hypertensive encephalopathy or intracerebral hemorrhage. The therapeutic index of phenylpropanolamine is low, and severe hypertension may occur after ingestion of less than three times the therapeutic dose. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine may also cause hypertension, as well as tachyarrhythmias due to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Toxic reactions from caffeine are characterized by agitation, seizures, tachyarrhythmias, and hypotension. Management of toxic reactions to over-the-counter stimulants includes control of hypertension with a rapidly acting vasodilator, beta-blockers for tachyarrhythmias, and control of seizures.
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PMID:Toxicity of over-the-counter stimulants. 647 21

The symptomatology and management of toxicity caused by nonprescription stimulants is reviewed. Nonprescription stimulants contain (singly or in combination) the same basic active ingredients: caffeine 100-200 mg, phenylpropanolamine 25-50 mg, and ephedrine 25 mg. Generally, toxic reactions involve excessive CNS stimulation (e.g., increased motor activity, anxiety, and agitation) and mildly elevated pulse rate and blood pressure that resolve in six to eight hours without specific treatment. However, reactions following the ingestion of these stimulants have included severe hypertension, possible renal failure, cerebral hemorrhage, and cardiac arrhythmias. Neither ephedrine nor caffeine ingested as single entities have been reported to produce increases in blood pressure associated with end-organ damage; however, severe hypertension has followed therapeutic doses of phenylpropanolamine. General management in the overdosed patient involves establishing respiration, initiating emesis, administering activated charcoal and a cathartic, and monitoring the patient's blood pressure, ECG, fluid intake, and urinary output. The increased availability of tablets and capsules containing substantial quantities of phenylpropanolamine, caffeine, and ephedrine creates a potential for drug-induced morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Managing acute toxicity from nonprescription stimulants. 676 97

Sleep disturbance among uremic patients is reported to be high, but data on the actual prevalence, clinical significance, and causative factors is limited. A sleep questionnaire was distributed to an entire hemodialysis unit of 64 patients. Of the 54 patients who completed the survey, 83.3% had sleep-wake complaints. Disturbed sleep was reported by 28 patients (51.8%), and causes were secondary to delayed sleep onset in 25 patients (46.3%), frequent awakening in 19 patients (35.2%), restless legs syndrome (RLS) in 18 patients (33.3%), and generalized restlessness in six patients (11.1%). Daytime sleepiness was the most frequent complaint, reported by 36 patients (66.7%), and RLS was the second most frequent specific complaint, reported by 31 patients (57.4%). Symptoms of sleep apnea were described by seven patients (13.0%). Male gender, age more than 60 years, RLS, and caffeine intake were associated with more sleep-wake complaints (P = 0.009, P = 0.002, P = 0.028, and P = 0.008, respectively). Urea and creatinine levels were higher in patients with RLS (P = 0.04 and P = 0.08, respectively); otherwise, no other metabolic or demographic variable was associated with specific sleep disorders or disturbance. Sleep problems are very common in dialysis patients and likely contribute to the impaired quality of life experienced by many of these patients.
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PMID:Sleep complaints are common in a dialysis unit. 748 27


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