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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A close relationship exists between the decrease in concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and a fall in the pH of stored blood. Buffering the stored red cells with bicarbonate is one solution to the problem of maintaining pH during storage. The effectiveness of this buffer depends upon loss from the stored blood of carbonic acid in the form of CO2. We describe a system in which the CO2 is trapped in a small internal package which contains calcium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide embedded in Silastic. A medium containing bicarbonate, adenine, glucose, phosphate and mannitol (BAGPM) is added after initial packing of the erythrocytes. With this approach, it has been possible to maintain 2,3-DPG at 92 percent of original, and ATP was approximately 62 percent of initial levels at the end of 42 days of storage if an internal Silastic bag containing calcium was used in bags agitated once weekly. More frequent agitation (five times weekly) produced acceptable maintenance of both 2,3-DPG (78 percent of original) and ATP (44 percent of original) after 42 days of storage when a Silastic block impregnated with calcium hydroxide was utilized to absorb CO2.
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PMID:Prolonged maintenance of 2,3-DPG in liquid blood storage: use of an internal CO2 trap to stabilize pH. 1 18

Increase in antimycin A production was achieved through a parallel strain and medium improvement program: a 125-fold augmentation (75 to 9,500 mug/ml) was obtained. The selective system included antimycin A productivity, conidiation, sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, growth rate and yield, and absence of pigment and actinomycin D production. Among the original strains tested one natural isolate possessed high productivity and several of the above characteristics, and was selected for mutagenesis. Spontaneous and induced variability was then exploited in isolating high-producing strains. The first mutagen used was ultraviolet radiation; it was replaced by ethylenimine when it became no longer efficient in increasing variability. As new, high producers were isolated, the medium was modified to best suit their requirements for still higher productivity. The critical environmental factors were absence of phosphate and organic salts, concentration of the nitrogen source and ratio organic/inorganic nitrogen, ratio ammonium sulfate/calcium carbonate, and addition of slowly utilizable carbon sources, such as lactose and oil; optimum temperature and initial pH were 25 degrees C and 7.0. Aeration/agitation requirements of improved strains were high. Fermentation was characterized by abrupt pH changes which impaired rapid accumulation of the antibiotic. Antimycin A was produced during both the trophophase and idiophase.
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PMID:Antimycin A fermentation. I. Production and selection of strains. 77 Apr 6

A telemetered movement recording system and nursing ratings of behavior were utilized to assess spontaneous motor activity and symptom intensity of 15 patients with affective illness before and during lithium carbonate treatment. Prior to treatment, patients rated hyperactive-elated, angry, and agitated had more motor activity, and patients rated anergic and retarded had less motor activity. Lithium carbonate treatment was not associated with any uniform change in motor activity for all patients; however, patients with a decrease during treatment in thought disorder, motor agitation, and hyperactivity-elation had a decrease in motor activity, and patients who had a decrease in depressed mood, anergia, motor retardation, and social withdrawal had an increase in motor activity. The decrease in activity of manic patients, except for the 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. period of apparent sleep, appeared to occur fairly uniformly throughout the 24-hour period, but the increase in activity of the depressed patients occurred mostly during the daytime. The data indicate that lithium does not exert a strong and consistent direct effect on spontaneous motor movement, and that when changes in movement do occur, they relate to changes in clinical states.
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PMID:Effects of lithium carbonate on motor activity in mania and depression. 83 4

Improvements were made on an ex vivo assay to study adherence properties of Candida albicans to host internal organs. The assay is applicable to understanding mechanisms of C. albicans dissemination following a fungemia. Binding patterns of yeast forms to splenic tissue are intriguing and we found the following modifications to be especially relevant. Mice serving as spleen donors for the assay should be injected with 0.1 ml i.v. of a 10% concentration of luconyl blue, 5 min before killing. After collecting splenic sections on a glass slide, 100 microliters of a 1-2 x 10(8)/ml suspension of stationary yeast cells should be applied to the sections. The assay does not require a carbonate buffering system or serum supplements. Attachment of yeasts to host tissue occurs best if the interaction is allowed to proceed without agitation by rotation. Assessment of binding is facilitated by staining the slides with crystal violet and computer image analysis can be used for quantification of binding.
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PMID:Improvements and important considerations of an ex vivo assay to study Candida albicans-splenic tissue interactions. 176 46

Based on evidence available at present, it appears that heterogeneity does exist within bipolar disorder. Persons with mania differ in family history of affective illness, their age at the onset of illness, sex, and organic cause and course of the illness. The question of how these variables influence an individual's response to treatment has never been systematically studied. Multicenter trials of the various antimanic agents need to be conducted to determine whether the various subgroups of manic patients have different pharmacological response profiles. At present, the clinical management of mania is best approached using lithium carbonate in a dosage adequate to achieve a 12-hour serum lithium level to 1.0 to 1.2 mEq/L. The time to response is usually 2 to 3 weeks, and during this period an antipsychotic or benzodiazepine agent may be added to help control symptoms such as agitation or sleeplessness. Prophylactic maintenance with 12-hour serum lithium levels between 0.8 and 1.0 mEq/L should be used for at least 6 to 12 months after resolution of the manic episode. In patients with more than one episode, lithium maintenance therapy may need to be continued indefinitely. In patients who are not responsive to lithium, the most prominent alternative therapies include anticonvulsants and calcium-channel blocking agents. Anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine, valproic acid, clonazepam) are generally first used as alternative therapy (either alone, or in combination with lithium), followed by a calcium-channel blocker (e.g., verapamil). Clinical practice would generally suggest first using the alternative agent alone, then adding lithium if response is inadequate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Perspectives on bipolar illness. 198 97

This review of the literature concerning the biochemical factors of resistance to antidepressants is essentially based on the anomalies of neurotransmitters and the enzymes which regulate them. In the case of 5HIAA, because of the bimodal distribution in depressed patients, it appears to be generally accepted that when a low level of this catabolite is found in the cerebrospinal fluid, this may represent a factor of resistance to noradrenergic antidepressants, or even to all antidepressants. In contrast, a high level of this catabolite represents a factor of poor response to serotoninergic antidepressants. Low levels of urinary MHPG predict a poor response to serotoninergic antidepressants, while high levels are observed in cases of depression resistant to noradrenergic antidepressants. MAO activity, evaluated after two weeks' treatment with MAOI, is considered to be a biochemical factor of resistance when it is inhibited by less than 80%. High levels of COMT (related to the degree of anxiety and agitation) reflect a poor response to noradrenergic antidepressants. Finally, a number of strategies designed to control resistant depression (reserpine, lithium carbonate, ...) could, in certain cases, suggest the existence of a functional defect in the serotoninergic systems.
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PMID:[Biochemical factors of resistance to antidepressants]. 354 87

In a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study lithium carbonate was added to the neuroleptic treatment of 11 chronic schizophrenic and 7 schizoaffective inpatients. Nurses' ratings of behavior indicated significant improvement in 8 patients in agitation or manic behavior, 5 patients in psychosis, and 5 patients in depression. A greater initial severity of symptoms, presence of affective symptoms and episodic course characterized the favorable response group. No neurotoxicity was encountered in this study.
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PMID:Lithium combined with neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. 611 Jun 54

beta-Endorphin injected into the cerebral ventricles of unanesthetized cats produced dose-dependent and long-lasting restlessness, locomotion, stereotyped sideways movements of the head, vacant staring, apprehension and flight accompanied with mydriasis and tremor. The most impressive features of the psychomotor excitation were the locomotion and the sideways movements of the head. Intracerebroventricular nalorphine prevented the psychomotor excitation caused by intracerebroventricular beta-endorphin. Lithium chloride and lithium carbonate injected into the cerebral ventricles prevented and reversed the psychomotor excitation evoked by beta-endorphin similarly injected. In cats showing spontaneous locomotor activity, intracerebroventricular lithium chloride also suppressed this activity. It is suggested that beta-endorphin elicited psychomotor excitation by acting on central opiate receptors. However, the effect of lithium cannot be solely ascribed to an action on central opiate receptors and endogenous peptides. Since lithium affected the spontaneous as well as the beta-endorphin-induced locomotion, it may be supposed that the cation suppressed the ongoing input activity at central locomotion activity levels.
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PMID:Inhibition by lithium of beta-endorphin-induced psychomotor excitation in cats. 629 36

Severe ketonuria developed during sedation with propofol in a 12 year old girl with brain injury. Deep sedation with propofol (5.1 mg/kg/h) was required because of agitation and severe intracranial hypertension; as a part of our management protocol, glucose intake was restricted to 5 Kcal/h. After 18 hours of propofol infusion there was intense ketonuria (8+ by Ketostix) without any evidence of metabolic acidosis (pH, HCO3- and anion gap were within normal values). At this time, indirect calorimetry (Deltatrac) confirmed that energy expenditure was principally based on fat consumption (70% of energy expenditure). Lowering the propofol infusion rate and increasing glucose intake reduced fat consumption to 39% within 8 hours: at this time, Ketostix was negative for ketone bodies. This case illustrates a potential risk of ketonuria during prolonged sedation with propofol (a 10% solution of intralipid), particularly if glucose intake is restricted. Monitoring urinary ketone bodies is recommended under these circumstances.
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PMID:Massive ketonuria during sedation with propofol in a 12 year old girl with severe head trauma. 820 21

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the nature of the relationship between enamel apatite and lesion fluid during demineralization. Powdered enamel in samples of 1.0 g was suspended in 3 ml of 10, 30, 50, or 70 mmol/l HCl under gentle agitation for up to 24 h at 20 degrees C. After 20 min and 24 h, pH and the concentrations of calcium and phosphate were determined and the degree of saturation with respect to various calcium phosphates calculated. The experiments were replicated 15 times using the same enamel samples. Twenty minutes after the start of dissolution, both pH and concentrations of calcium and phosphate had increased, and the solution became supersaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, and in some runs also with respect to brushite. During the subsequent 23 h and 40 min, pH continued to increase, despite the supersaturation with respect to apatite, whilst the concentrations of calcium and phosphate decreased due to formation of apatite and, occasionally, brushite mineral. The data indicated that release of carbonate from enamel and its conversion to H2CO3 caused the increase in pH and thus, played a major role in the dissolution-reprecipitation process.
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PMID:Notes on the dissolution of human dental enamel in dilute acid solutions at high solid/solution ratio. 839 93


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