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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human dentin mineral has been investigated by using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Fluorescence and thermal problems were largely avoided by preparing dentin samples by grinding and ultrasonic agitation in acetone. The Raman spectral features were consistent with those of impure hydroxyapatite containing CO3 and HPO4. While spectral differences between enamel and dentin were clearly observable as changes in the bandwidth of the PO4(3-)V1 band and the intensities of the OH-, CO3(2-) and HPO4(2-) bands, the technique could not detect spectral differences between coronal and root dentin. NaOCl, NaF and APF-gel treatments caused measurable changes in intensities of the bands due to CO3(2-) and HPO4(2-); the results were found to be useful for band assignments. After NaOCl treatment, the Raman bands, presumably due to amide and HPO4(2-), were lost, but the band intensity of the CO3(2-)V1 bands increased by 35-60%. This increase coincided with the appearance of a new broad band (250-300 cm-1). The same treatment on enamel caused no increase in the CO3(2-)V1 band intensity. This NaOCl-induced carbonate could be removed within 20 h in a 1000 ppm NaF solution. These findings indicate that the carbonate ions induced by the NaOCl treatment are presumably in or on the mineral surface. After 3 min of APF-gel treatment on NaOCl-pretreated dentin, the intensities of the hydroxyapatite phosphate bands dropped by approximately 20%, and newly formed CaF2 and HPO4 bands became observable.
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PMID:Raman spectra of human dentin mineral. 880

This work studied the decolorization of dye C.I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB-19) solution in a new gas-inducing reactor under continuous process. The decolorization behavior, decolorization kinetic, ozone utilization rate (UO3), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) are examined under various operation conditions, such as input ADMI color values (ADMIo), input liquid flow rates (QL), input ozone gas concentrations (CO3,i), input gas flow rates (Qg), and agitation speeds (N). Experimental results of decolorization behavior indicate that the American Dye Manufactures Institute (ADMI) removal percentage (RADMI) decreases with increasing ADMI color value input rate or decreasing ozone input rate. For the study of ozone utilization rate, UO3 increases with increasing ADMI color value input rate or decreasing ozone input rate. The 70% ADMI removal percentage can be regarded as the index of the competition of dye and its unknown intermediates for ozone. In addition, the increase of the agitation speed can improve the ADMI removal percentage as well as the ozone utilization rate. A pseudo-first order kinetic model is adopted to describe the decolorization behavior. At steady state, the overall decolorization rate constant, kADMIs.s., can be expressed as a function of liquid flow rate, input ADMI color value, input ozone gas concentration, gas flow rate, and agitation speed. This correlation can be used to predict the ADMI color value at steady state (ADMIs.s.) and the reactor size in the continuous process. The deltaO3/deltaCOD is dependent on the liquid composition. The higher the dye concentration in the liquid, the higher the deltaO3/deltaCOD. The COD removal percentage (RCOD) and the ozone utilization rate can be further improved by using the continuous operation with two reactors in series.
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PMID:Decolorization of dye RB-19 solution in a continuous ozone process. 1503 Jan 47