Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This in vitro study evaluated the amount of fluoride released from fluoride-containing materials over a period of 28 days. Six disk samples (2.06 +/- 0.06 cm2) were prepared of each material and divided at random into seven groups: Group 1: Chelon-Fil; Group 2: Chelon-Silver; Group 3: VariGlass; Group 4: Dyract; Group 5: Vitremer; Group 6: Vitremer + Scotchbond Multi-Purpose; Group 7: Fuji II LC. The cements were mixed according to the manufacturers' recommendations, placed in plastic molds, and pressed between two glass plates. Paraffined dental floss was incorporated into the cements during setting to serve as attachments. The materials in Groups 3, 4, and 5 were light cured (Heliolux) in two different positions for 40 seconds each. In Group 6, the adhesive was light cured in two different positions on both sides for 10 seconds each. The samples were stored at 100% relative humidity for 24 hours. Each sample was then suspended in individual plastic tubes containing 5 ml of deionized water and submitted to constant agitation at 25 degrees C. The water was changed every 24 hours. Fluoride release was determined at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days after buffering the solution with equal volume of TISAB. Fluoride release was measured with a fluoride ion-specific electrode (Orion 96-09) and an ionanalyzer (Orion EA 940) previously calibrated with standard solutions containing 0.05 to 5.00 micrograms F/ml. Fluoride release was expressed as ppm in solution and micrograms F/cm2. ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests were used to evaluate the data. The results revealed that Chelon-Fil released significantly (P < 0.001) more fluoride for the first 7 days than all the other products. This was followed by Fuji II LC, which exhibited significantly more fluoride release than the rest of the materials for the same 7 days. At days 14 and 28, Chelon-Fil, Dyract, and Fuji II LC released similar amounts of fluoride that were significantly greater than the other products. Group 6 (Vitremer + Scotchbond Multi-Purpose) released significantly less fluoride than the other materials at all time intervals. Fluoride release for all products at days 1 and 2 was significantly greater than the rest of the time intervals, except for Chelon-Silver, which released similar amounts of fluoride for days 2, 3, 4, and 5. Although significance for the remaining time intervals varied for all materials, all fluoride release decreased from day 1 to day 28.
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PMID:Fluoride release from fluoride-containing materials. 948 70

Studies assessing the erosive potential of soft drinks have employed long time intervals of immersion that may not accurately depict the impact of frequent soft drink consumption on enamel. This in vitro study assessed the effect of a cola drink on enamel, replicating an actual drinking pattern. Six groups of 4 human enamel slabs were immersed (5 min each bath) in fresh cola drink, with immersions taking place with or without agitation, and under 3 regimes of frequency intake (low intake, 1 immersion/day; medium, 5/day; high, 10/day). Quantitative assessments of surface erosion were done over an 8-day interval using surface microhardness testing (Vickers). Results showed a sharp decrease from baseline (mean value 352.1 Vickers Hardness Number, SD 32.5) to day 1 (269.3, SD 41.0) and then continued decreasing throughout the assay, although less markedly, to reach 204.5, SD 45.4 on day 8. Microhardness decreased regardless of frequency regime, except on day 8, on which slabs from the low intake group were harder (233.2, SD 25.0) than slabs from the high intake group (169.8, SD 49.5; p < 0.05). Results from the ANOVA on the factorial experiment indicated that the role of agitation was statistically significant (d.f. = 1, F = 7.2, p = 0.020) while the level of intake was of borderline significance (d.f. = 2, F = 3.2, p = 0.075). The main effect resulting from the joint roles of agitation and intake indicated that there was an important interaction between the two variables (d.f. = 3, F = 4.5, p = 0.023).
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PMID:In vitro quantitative assessment of enamel microhardness after exposure to eroding immersion in a cola drink. 958 Mar 92

Special Care Units (SCUs) for people with dementia have been enthusiastically promoted although many residents with dementia live elsewhere in their nursing home. In response to open-ended questions during personal interviews, coordinators of all 64 SCUs in Minnesota nursing homes described their goals and criteria for success. They then rated the importance of a list of possible goals and their unit's success in achieving them. Unit coordinators of 173 nursing home units in facilities with SCUs and 135 units in facilities without SCUs answered the same questions about people with dementia in their own units. When unprompted, respondents both in and outside SCUs were varied, sparse (averaging 3.1 goals per person), vague, process-oriented rather than outcome-oriented, and sometimes unrealistic. Yet, respondents later strongly endorsed most of the 24 goals the researchers suggested. ANOVA and regression analyses revealed few statistically significant differences according to unit type, although SCU coordinators were more likely to aspire to fewer medications, reduced disruptive behavior, and reduced agitation and anxiety, and were less likely to want residents to sleep through the night. Some differences were only between SCUs and non-SCUs in facilities without SCUs. Characteristics of facilities, coordinators, and case mix (e.g., proportion of dementia on the unit) were as predictive of goals and perceptions of success as SCU units. Findings reinforce the lack of conceptual clarity about expectations for direct and indirect effects of SCUs.
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PMID:Goals for Alzheimer's care in nursing homes: what kind of differences do special care units expect to make? 1018 96

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of tiapride 50-100 mg administered 3 times a day to elderly patients with aggressive behavior. Data from 425 questionnaires concerning aggressive behavior in Greek elderly patients were evaluated before and after treatment. The Brief Agitation Rating Scale (BARS), which has 10 items, was used to evaluate the effectiveness of tiapride. To test the overall effectiveness of the drug during the trial, the statistical method of repeated measures ANOVA was applied to the total score and the very small F-value (p < 0.0005) led us to accept the hypothesis that tiapride significantly improves the condition of elderly patients with aggressive behavior. Only 6.2% of patients developed an adverse event during the trial. With 95% probability one may state that the probability of an adverse event occurring during the administration of tiapride is between 5% and 7.4%. We conclude that tiapride, apart from being very efficient in ameliorating aggressive behavior in elderly patients, is also very safe to administer. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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PMID:Evaluation of tiapride in agitated elderly outpatients: an open study. 1240 62

During formulation design of a once-daily controlled release matrix system of divalproex sodium, the in vitro dissolution test (USP II, 100 rpm, pH 6.8 buffer) was found to result in release rates that were slower than in vivo absorption. The test method also did not sufficiently discriminate formulations with different in vivo absorption rates. To develop an in vitro method that is directly correlated with in vivo absorption, statistically designed studies were carried out to investigate the effects of various in vitro testing variables on drug release using USP dissolution apparatuses. The variables studied included agitation intensity, apparatus, pH, surfactant and ionic strength of the dissolution medium. Experimental data were analyzed using ANOVA. In vitro/in vivo correlation was tested based on the hypothesis that the same linear regression equation holds for three formulations with different release rates. A mixed effects model was used in which the dependence among observations from the same subject was taken into account. Factorial studies indicated that higher pH, addition of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) to the dissolution medium, and higher agitation intensity increased the release rate from the matrix tablet. Use of SLS not only lead to increased release rates that are more comparable to in vivo absorption rates, but also improved differentiation among formulations with varying release rates. Furthermore, drug release was also affected by interactions among the variables studied. Statistical analysis indicated that a combination of higher SLS concentration and lower pH provided enhanced differentiation between release profiles of the fast and slow releasing formulations. Based on the above findings, a new set of testing conditions was identified and demonstrated to be predictive of in vivo drug absorption for various controlled release formulations of divalproex sodium. The new method uses USP Apparatus II operating at 100 rpm in 500 mL of 0.1 N HCl for 45 min followed by 900 mL of 0.05 M phosphate buffer containing 75 mM SLS, pH 5.5, 37 +/- 0.5 degrees C. In conclusion, adjusting dissolution testing conditions to match the behavior of the formulations in vitro with that in vivo is a useful approach in identifying a predictive method in development of in vitro-in vivo correlation.
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PMID:Once-a-day controlled-release dosage form of divalproex sodium II: development of a predictive in vitro drug release method. 1460 16

Formulation optimization of the water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion incorporating insulin was performed based on statistical methods such as the orthogonal experimental design and the response surface evaluation. As model formulations, 16 types of emulsions were prepared according to the orthogonal experimental design. To optimize the formulation, the influence of causal factors such as amounts of gelatin, insulin, oleic acid (OA) and the volume ratio of the outer aqueous phase to total and agitation time of the second emulsification process on individual characteristics of the emulsion, such as inner droplet size, viscosity, stability and pharmacological effect, was evaluated first. Based on the analysis of ANOVA, it was concluded that the droplet size of the emulsion was influenced by the volume ratio of the outer aqueous phase significantly. The viscosity of the emulsion was affected by these causal factors and their interactions; however, the most predominant contribution of all causal factors was the volume ratio of the outer aqueous phase. Similarly, one of the most important characteristics in the design of the formulation, stability, was affected by the causal factors. With regard to the hypoglycemic effect, the most influential factor was the content of OA in the emulsion. By means of a novel optimization technique involving a multivariate spline interpolation (MSI), formulation optimization was performed with respect to pharmacological effect and stability, and the optimum formulation with a desirable pharmacological effect and high stability was successfully estimated.
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PMID:Formulation optimization of water-in-oil-water multiple emulsion for intestinal insulin delivery. 1514 7

Salivary pellicle, as previously investigated, protects the enamel surface after certain processes of maturation against the influence of acidic agents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of the short-term salivary pellicle formed in situ over periods of 3, 60 and 120 min. Six human volunteers used intraoral acrylic splints with bovine enamel samples fixed at the buccal and palatal sites of the maxillary first molars and second premolars. Enamel specimens (n = 252) with and without pellicle were immersed for 60 s in 1.0% citric acid solution under agitation. Knoop surface hardness (KHN) of uneroded polished enamel was measured as a baseline and estimated immediately after erosive treatment reflecting the microhardness loss (DeltaKHN). The amounts of calcium dissolved from the eroded enamel surface were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and scored in mg/l per 10 mm2 of enamel surface area. In addition, the scanning electron microscope was used for the micromorphological examination of the erosive alterations of the enamel surface. The average microhardness loss values after erosion of the enamel samples with buccally/palatally formed pellicle layers were measured as 139.1/144.9 DeltaKHN for 3 min pellicle, 145.9/146.9 DeltaKHN for 60 min pellicle and 141.7/138.6 DeltaKHN for 120 min pellicle. Calcium release values from the specimens with buccal/palatal pellicles were amounted to 15.0/14.9, 16.5/15.9 and 15.3/17.4 mg/l per 10 mm2 for 3, 60 and 120 min-old pellicles, respectively. No significant differences were related to the pellicle formation time and intraoral site (buccal or palatal) in all tested series (ANOVA, P < 0.05). However, significant protection of the enamel surface provided by the pellicle layer was observed on all pellicle-covered surfaces if compared to the non-covered enamel samples (calcium release: 25.6 mg/l per 10 mm2; microhardness loss 187.0 DeltaKHN). These data were in accordance with the morphologic alterations caused by citric acid on the pellicle-covered and pellicle non-covered specimens. It could be concluded that salivary pellicle formed in situ within a period of 3 min offers protection of enamel against citric acid. However, pellicle does not completely inhibit the erosive action of citric acid under the conditions of the present study.
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PMID:Protective effect of the in situ formed short-term salivary pellicle. 1535 46

Numerous factors influence the increased health risks of seamen. This study investigated sleep (by actigraphy) and the adaptation of the internal clock in watch-keeping crew compared to day workers, as possible contributory factors. Fourteen watch keepers, 4 h on, 8 h off (0800-1200/2000-2400 h, 1200-1600/2400-0400 h, 1600-2000/0400-0800 h) (fixed schedule, n = 6; rotating by delay weekly, n = 8), and 12 day workers participated during a voyage from the United Kingdom to Antarctica. They kept daily sleep diaries and wore wrist monitors for continuous recording of activity. Sleep parameters were derived from activity using the manufacturer's software and analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA using SAS 8.2. Sequential urine samples were collected for 48 h weekly for 6-sulphatoxymelatonin measurement as an index of circadian rhythm timing. Individuals working watches of 1200-1600/2400-0400 h and 1600-2000/0400-0800 h had 2 sleeps daily, analyzed separately as main sleep (longest) and 2nd sleep. Main sleep duration was shorter in watch keepers than in day workers (p < 0.0001). Objective sleep quality was significantly compromised in rotaters compared to both day workers and fixed watch keepers, the most striking comparisons being sleep efficiency (percentage desired sleep time spent sleeping) main sleep (p < 0.0001) and sleep fragmentation (an index of restlessness) main sleep (p < 0.0001). The 2nd sleep was substantially less efficient than was the main sleep (p < 0.0001) for all watch keepers. There were few significant differences in sleep between the different watches in rotating watch keepers. Circadian timing remained constant in day workers. Timing of the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythm was later for the watch of 1200-1600/2400-0400 h than for all others (1200-1600/2400-0400 h, 5.90 +/- 0.85 h; 1600-2000/0400-0800 h, 1.5 +/- 0.64 h; 0800-1200/ 2000-2400 h, 2.72 +/- 0.76 h; days, 2.09 +/- 0.68 h [decimal hours, mean +/- SEM]: ANOVA, p < 0.01). This study identifies weekly changes in watch time as a cause of poor sleep in watch keepers. The most likely mechanism is the inability of the internal clock to adapt rapidly to abrupt changes in schedule.
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PMID:Sleep and circadian phase in a ship's crew. 1673 61

This study measured the shear bond strength (SBS) of 3 self-etching bonding agents to enamel and dentin with and without agitation at 3 different application times. The null hypotheses tested were that agitation and application time have no effect on bond strength. Occlusal surfaces of 180 recently extracted caries-free human molars were wet ground with 600 grit wet-dry silica carbide abrasive paper to obtain a flat enamel surface. The teeth were divided into 18 groups of 10 teeth. Three self-etching bonding agents, Clearfil SE BOND (Kuraray America), Xeno III (Dentsply) and AdheSE (Ivoclar-Vivadent) were applied using application times of 10, 20 or 30 seconds with or without agitation, thinned with a gentle stream of air and cured for 10 seconds, according to manufacturers' directions. Z100 (3M ESPE) composite, A2 shade, was placed over the cured adhesive and cured for 40 seconds. The samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature until testing. The samples were tested in shear to failure with a 1-mm/minute crosshead speed. After enamel shear bond strength testing, the teeth were again ground with 400 and 600-grit wet-dry SiC paper to obtain a flat dentin surface. The protocol used for preparing the enamel bond test samples was repeated, and the teeth were stored until testing in distilled water at room temperature. The samples were again tested in shear at a 1-mm/minute crosshead speed. Values were converted to MPa and data analyzed for intergroup differences using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Agitation did not improve enamel SBS for any of the materials tested, but there was a significant difference in enamel SBS among materials: Clearfil SE Bond shear bond strength was greater than Xeno III, which was greater than AdheSE. At 10 seconds application time on dentin, agitation improved the Clearfil SE Bond SBS and, at 20 seconds application time on dentin, agitation significantly improved SBS to dentin for all systems tested. Agitation had no affect when the adhesive was applied to dentin for 30 seconds. Clearfil SE Bond SBS to dentin was significantly higher than the other self-etching adhesives tested except at 10 seconds without agitation.
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PMID:Effect of placement agitation and placement time on the shear bond strength of 3 self-etching adhesives. 1692 82

In this 10-week, double-blind, fixed-dose study, elderly institutionalized patients with dementia and agitation were randomized (3:3:2) to quetiapine 200mg/day, 100mg/day, or placebo. The primary endpoint was change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-Excitement Component (EC) scores at endpoint, analysed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) and observed cases (OC) approaches. Other efficacy measures were the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C), and response rates (percentage with > or =40% reduction [PANSS-EC]; "much" or "very much improved" [CGI-C]), Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home version (NPI-NH), and Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). The key safety measure was incidence of adverse events; change in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was also assessed. Baseline characteristics of 333 participants (quetiapine 200mg/day, n=117; quetiapine 100mg/day, n=124; placebo, n=92) and completion rates (63-65%) were comparable among groups. Compared with placebo, quetiapine 200mg/day was associated with clinically greater improvements in PANSS-EC (LOCF, p=0.065; OC, p=0.014 [ANCOVA]), CGI-C (LOCF, p=0.017; OC, p=0.002 [ANOVA]), and CGI-C response rates (LOCF, p=0.002; OC, p<0.001 [Chi-square test]). Quetiapine 100mg/day did not differentiate from placebo on these measures. There were no between-group differences in NPI-NH or CMAI. Incidences of cerebrovascular adverse events, postural hypotension, and falls were similar among groups. MMSE did not change in any group. Mortality was numerically higher in the quetiapine groups; rates were not statistically different from placebo. The results of this study suggest that quetiapine 200mg/day was effective and well-tolerated for treating agitation associated with dementia. However, caution should be exercised given the concerns regarding increased mortality with atypical antipsychotics in this vulnerable patient population.
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PMID:Quetiapine to treat agitation in dementia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 1731 69


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