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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Synthesis of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of Zn/Al-NO3- hydrotalcite (HIZAN) and Zn/Al-diocytyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) nanocomposite (NAZAD) with a molar ratio of Zn/Al of 4:1 were carried out by coprecipitation through continuous agitation. Their structures were determined using X-ray diffractometer spectra, which showed that basal spacing for LDH synthesized by both methods was about 8.89 A. An expansion of layered structure of about 27.9 A was observed to accommodate the surfactant anion between the interlayer. This phenomenon showed that the intercalation process took place between the LDH interlayer. Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized onto these materials by physical adsorption method. It was found that the protein loading onto NAZAD is higher than HIZAN. The activity of immobilized lipase was investigated through esterification of oleic acid and 1-butanol in hexane. The effects of pore size, surface area, reaction temperature, thermostability of the immobilized lipases, storage stability in organic solvent, and leaching studies were investigated. Stability was found to be the highest in the nanocomposite NAZAD.
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PMID:Immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa on layered double hydroxides for esterification reaction. 1530 59

In order to remove and recover copper, zinc, cadmium, and chromium from the wastewater treatment sludge generated by an electroplating process, the heavy metal extraction kinetics was studied in a batch reactor using two different extraction agents (nitric and citric acid) at constant agitation speed (150 rpm) and solid to liquid ratio (10 g/L), but varying acid concentrations (0.02-0.10 N), temperatures (25-85 degrees C in nitric acid solution, 25-95 degrees C in citric acid solution), and sludge particle sizes. The shrinking-core model and empirical kinetic model were adopted to analyze the experimental data. Although both models could fit the experimental kinetic data well, the obtained parameters of the shrinking-core model did not show reasonable trends varying with the experimental variables while the empirical model parameters showed significant trends. The experimental and modeling results showed that the metal extraction rates increased with acid concentration, temperature, but decreased with increasing particle size. Nitric acid was found to be more effective than citric acid to extract the heavy metals from the sludge. The extraction activation energies obtained in this study suggested that both a physical diffusion process and a chemical reaction process might play important roles in the overall extraction process.
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PMID:Extraction kinetics of heavy metal-containing sludge. 1599 95

Antrodia cinnamomea is a medicinal fungus that has been used in Taiwan as a traditional medicine for the treatment of tumorigenic diseases. We prove that controlling the culturing conditions (i.e., temperature and pH) and modifying the composition of the medium (i.e., carbon, nitrogen, mineral sources and vitamins) can dramatically enhance the production of the exopolysaccharide of A. cinnamomea. We have found that the temperature, initial pH, and agitation time are all critical for exopolysaccharide production during the cultivation of A. cinnamomea in submerged cultures; our optimized conditions were 28 degrees C, pH 5.5, and 14 days, respectively. In addition, when optimizing the effects of additional nutrition, we found that 5% (v/v) glucose, 0.5% (v/v) calcium nitrate, 0.1% (v/v) ferrous sulfate, and 0.1% (v/v) nicotinic acid led to the greatest production of exopolysaccharides; the exopolysaccharide production, mycelial biomass and specific product yield reached 0.49 g/l, 2.60 g/l and 0.19 g/g, respectively. The results indicate that nutrients can be utilized to improve the production of exopolysaccharide and that good mycelial growth does not seem to be a determining factor for a high production yield of exopolysaccharide in A. cinnamomea.
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PMID:Cultivating conditions influence exopolysaccharide production by the edible Basidiomycete Antrodia cinnamomea in submerged culture. 1643 17

Previous research has shown that injection of high-dose of morphine into the spinal lumbar intrathecal (i.t.) space of rats elicits an excitatory behavioral syndrome indicative of severe vocalization and agitation. Substance P N-terminal fragments are known to inhibit nociceptive responses when injected i.t. into animals. In this study, we investigated the effect of i.t. substance P (1-7) on both the nociceptive response and the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites (nitrite/nitrate) evoked by high-dose i.t. morphine (500 nmol). The induced behavioral responses were attenuated dose-dependently by i.t. pretreatment with the substance P N-terminal fragment substance P (1-7) (100-400 pmol). The inhibitory effect of substance P (1-7) was reversed significantly by pretreatment with [d-Pro2, d-Phe7]substance P (1-7) (20 and 40 nmol), a d-isomer and antagonist of substance P (1-7). In vivo microdialysis analysis showed a significant elevation of extracellular glutamate and NO metabolites in the spinal cord after i.t. injection of high-dose morphine (500 nmol). Pretreatment with substance P (1-7) (400 pmol) produced a significant reduction on the elevated concentrations of glutamate and NO metabolites evoked by i.t. morphine. The reduced levels of glutamate and NO metabolites were significantly reversed by the substance P (1-7) antagonist (40 nmol). The present results suggest that i.t. substance P (1-7) may attenuate the excitatory behavior (vocalization and agitation) of high-dose i.t. morphine by inhibiting the presynaptic release of glutamate, and reducing NO production in the dorsal spinal cord.
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PMID:Intrathecal substance P (1-7) prevents morphine-evoked spontaneous pain behavior via spinal NMDA-NO cascade. 1765 85

A Bacillus subtilis strain isolated from contaminated soil from a refinery has been screened for biosurfactant production in crystal sugar (sucrose) with different nitrogen sources (NaNO(3), (NH(4))(2)SO(4), urea, and residual brewery yeast). The highest reduction in surface tension was achieved with a 48-h fermentation of crystal sugar and ammonium nitrate. Optimization of carbon/nitrogen ratio (3, 9, and 15) and agitation rate (50, 150, and 250 rpm) for biosurfactant production was carried out using complete factorial design and response surface analysis. The condition of C/N 3 and 250 rpm allowed the maximum increase in surface activity of biosurfactant. A suitable model has been developed, having presented great accordance experimental data. Preliminary characterization of the bioproduct suggested it to be a lipopeptide with some isomers differing from those of a commercial surfactin.
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PMID:Optimizing carbon/nitrogen ratio for biosurfactant production by a Bacillus subtilis strain. 1847 10

Continous culture experiments with the obligatory methanotroph, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, were conducted to study the whole-cell methane monooxygenase (MMO) and nitrogenase activities in a nitrate minimal salts medium under oxygen-limited conditions with methane as the carbone source. The important variables investigated were the feed medium concentrations of copper and nitrate, CO(2) addition, the agitation speed, and the dilution rate. M. trichosporium OB3b required quantitative amounts of copper (2.6 x 10(-4) g Cu/g dry cell Wt) for the exclusive production of particulate MMo during continuous culture growth. When the feed medium nitrate concentration was varied in the range of 5-50 mM, the whole-cell specific pMMO activity exhibited a maximum at 40 mM. The elimination of external CO(2) gassing decreased pMMO activity by more than 30%. The steady-state cell density increased continuously over a 300-700 rpm range of agitation speed, whereas, the pMMO activity became maximal at 400 rpm. Also, the pMMO activity increased with the dilution rate up to 0.06 h(-1) and remained constant thereafter. Maximal continuous pMMO productivity was, thus, achieved in Higgin's medium containing 10 microM Cu, 80 microM Fe, and 40 mM nitrate with an agitation speed of 500 rpm and a dilution rate of 0.06 h(-1). Nitrogenase activity, on the other hand, increased over a feed medium copper concentration of 2-15 microM, falling sharply at 20 microM, and it exhibited a minimum at 20 mM when the feed medium nitrate concentration was varied.
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PMID:Cultivation of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b: III. production of particulate methane monooxygenase in continuous culture. 1860 Nov 70

The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the adsorption in batch mode of a disperse dye (Disperse Blue SBL) by poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite synthesized by coprecipitation between Ca(NO3)2 and (NH4)2HPO4 reagents in aqueous solution at room temperature. The adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence the dye uptake by the adsorbent, such as the contact time under agitation, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution temperature, and pH. The experimental results show that the percentage of dye removal increases with increasing the amount of adsorbent, until the total discoloration. The adsorption isotherms follow the model of Langmuir with a high adsorption capacity. The adsorption was pH and temperature dependent.
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PMID:Adsorption of disperse blue SBL dye by synthesized poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite. 1914 54

Two separate laboratory experiment series, surface runoff and steady-state seepage, were performed to determine if dust suppressant products can be applied to soils with an expected minimal to no negative impact on water quality. The experiments were designed to mimic arid field conditions and used two soils (clayey and sandy) and six different dust suppressants. The two experiments consisted of: (i) simulated rainfall (intensities of 18, 33, or 61 mm h(-1)) and associated runoff from soil trays at a surface slope of 33%; and (ii) steady-state, constant head seepage through soil columns. Both experiment series involved two product application scenarios and three application ages (i.e., to account for degradation effects) for a total of 126 surface runoff and 80 column experiments. One composite effluent sample was collected from each experiment and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate. Paired t tests at 1 and 5% levels of significance and project specific data quality objectives are used to compare water quality parameters from treated and untreated soils. Overall, the results from this laboratory scale study suggest that the studied dust suppressants have minimal potential for adverse impacts to selected water quality parameters. The primary impacts were increased TSS for two synthetic products from the surface runoff experiments on both soils. The increase in TSS was not expected based on previous studies and may be attributed to this study's focus on simulating real-world soil agitation/movement at an active construction site subjected to rough grading.
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PMID:Characterizing potential water quality impacts from soils treated with dust suppressants. 1920 20

Fresh activated carbon (AC) and waste activated carbon (WAC) were pretreated by heating with mineral acids (sulfuric acid and nitric acid) at high temperature to prepare several grades of adsorbents to evaluate their performance on Cr(VI) removal from aqueous phase. Effects of temperature, agitation speed and pH were tested, and optimum conditions were evaluated. Kinetic study was performed under optimum conditions with several grades of modified adsorbents to know the rates of adsorption. Batch adsorption equilibrium data followed both, Freuindlich and Langmuir isotherms. Maximum adsorption capacity (q(max)) of the selected adsorbents treated with sulfuric acid (MWAC 1) and nitric acid (MWAC 2), calculated from Langmuir isotherm are 7.485 and 10.929 mg/g, respectively. Nitric acid treated adsorbent (MWAC 2) was used for column study to determine the constants of bed depth service time (BDST) model for adsorption column design.
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PMID:Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] removal by acid modified waste activated carbons. 1955 8

beta-Glucosidase production by Debaryomyces pseudopolymorphus UCLM-NS7A using a simple nutrient medium containing cellobiose was evaluated under several biochemical and physiological parameters in submerged fermentation. Enzyme induction was also examined using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Cellobiose and ammonium nitrate were the best C and N sources to enhance beta-glucosidase production. The addition of NaCl, MgSO(4), yeast extract, ethanol and Tween 80 to the nutrient medium before inoculation was also compared. A factorial design to optimize enzyme production was developed using four variables that most influenced beta-glucosidase production and data analyzed by the response surface method. Optimal conditions to produce beta-glucosidase in shake-flasks were 1.25% cellobiose, 0.05% Tween 80, 0.4% NH(4)NO(3) over 72 hours. In another factorial design to further increase enzyme production, a lab fermenter using prior-determined shake-flask optimized conditions resulted in higher beta-glucosidase titres at 72 hours, pH controlled at 6.25 and agitation of 200 rpm.
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PMID:Extracellular beta-glucosidase production by the yeast Debaryomyces pseudopolymorphus UCLM-NS7A: optimization using response surface methodology. 2049 76


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