Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The usefulness of two alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine and guanfacine) and their comparative effectiveness were evaluated regarding the control of the opiates abstinence syndrome and the secondary effects, including development of cardiovascular abnormalities, in 88 parenteral heroin abusers admitted to two hospital units for the treatment of addiction. The patients were treated in a random, double blind fashion, with clonidine or guanfacine. In the study dosages, both drugs proved to be useful to control the abstinence syndrome. Nearly 70% of those treated with any of the two agonists were able to complete the treatment. When both drugs were compared, a higher degree of restlessness (p less than 0.01) was found among those treated with clonidine, although there were no differences in any other evaluated parameters to compare the degree of abstinence in each drug. The most commonly found side effects were orthostatism, lassitude, mental torpor and oral xerosis. These were independent of the drug used. There were no differences between both drugs regarding heart rate or blood pressure, although both parameters were significantly modified with the doses used in the study.
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PMID:[Comparative effectiveness of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine-guanfacine) in the hospital detoxification of opiate addicts]. 196 80

A dopamine receptor antagonist, metoclopramide has unique properties of increasing lower esophageal sphincter pressure and increasing the rate of gastric emptying. These gastrointestinal motility actions are useful in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis and severe gastroesophageal reflux and in postoperative situations involving visceral atony. Metoclopramide is a useful adjunctive drug for intestinal intubation and radiologic examination. It has also been used intravenously to control the nausea and vomiting of intensive cancer chemotherapy, such as with cisplatin. Metoclopramide is a powerful antiemetic because of its combined actions on the chemoreceptor trigger zone and intestinal motility. This agent is generally not intended for long-term use. The oral preparations are recommended for four to 12 weeks of therapy. Use of parenteral metoclopramide should be limited to one or two days. The most common adverse reactions are restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue and lassitude. Extrapyramidal symptoms occur rarely and only with high dosage or prolonged use.
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PMID:Metoclopramide: a dopamine receptor antagonist. 240 79

Mirtazpine is the first noradrenaline and serotonin specific antidepressant. We monitored the safety of mirtazapine as reported in primary practice in England. The exposure data were provided by monitoring the dispensed prescriptions issued between September 1997 and February 1999. Questionnaires sent to GPs provided outcome data. Drowsiness/sedation and malaise/lassitude were the most frequent ADRs (116, 71 respectively) and had the highest incidence density (per 1000 patient-months) in the first month of treatment (58.1, 27.8 respectively). Agitation (73), aggression (70), rash (20), hallucinations (13) and abnormal dreams (31 were unlabelled AES while abnormal liver function tests (12), syncope (8), abnormal behaviour (4) and visual disturbance (3) were labelled AES possibly due to mirtazapine use. Serious suspected ADRs reported were facial oedema (5), allergy (3), bone marrow toxicity (2) and myelodysplasia (1).
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PMID:The pharmacovigilance of mirtazapine: results of a prescription event monitoring study on 13554 patients in England. 1268 Jul 49

Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) manifest variably across individuals. Accordingly, recent models of the disorder imply that MDD may be characterized according to independent symptom dimensions. In particular, several studies reveal that depression may be characterized along dimensions of negative affect, agitation and hostility, and lassitude and malaise. No research has examined the relationship between these dimensions and neuropsychological function. Towards this end, 133 in patients with unipolar MDD and 17 people without psychiatric illness were administered a brief battery of neuropsychological tests and the MMPI-2. Paralleling earlier research, principal component analysis of the MMPI-2 revealed symptom dimensions of negative affect, agitation, and lassitude and malaise. Multiple regression analyses showed that the negative affect and agitation dimensions accounted for significant variance on measures of executive function, speed of information processing, new learning, dexterity, and overall impairment. Lassitude and malaise failed to correspond with neuropsychological performance. Implications of these data for clinical practice and neural models of MDD are discussed.
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PMID:Neuropsychological correlates of symptom dimensions in inpatients with major depressive disorder. 2343 72

Over the last two decades, drug and alcohol abuse by pregnant women has spread to epidemic proportions. Maternal drug abuse has neurobehavioral and somatic effects which may be long-lasting and devastating to the offspring. Opiates, such as heroin and pain killers that contain a narcotic component, are widely abused today. A prominent manifestation of fetal exposure to these drugs is the neonatal withdrawal syndrome, which typically includes wakefulness, jitteriness and other symptoms of cerebral irritability. These, in turn, may interrupt early mother-infant interaction, affecting the infant's long-term emotional and cognitive development. Fetal cocaine exposure may cause neonatal cerebral irritability, changes in habituation responses, reduced head circumference, poor mental development and long-lasting impairment of the brain. Benzodiazepines can cause fetal dysmorphism (including microcephaly), neurological and behavioral impairments and neonatal withdrawal symptoms. Maternal use of amphetamines may cause neonatal dysphoria and agitation, as well as long-term lassitude and drowsiness that may result in poor feeding. Fetal exposure to alcohol may cause neonatal withdrawal symptoms, maladaptive behavior in childhood and the fetal alcohol syndrome (including microcephaly). Maternal alcohol consumption is also a common cause of mental retardation. Fetal exposure to marijuana may delay maturation of the visual system and impair memory and verbal performance at 2 years of age. The inevitable conclusion is that society must seek ways not only to treat, but also to prevent this epidemic. To this end, a key factor would be to identify potential drug abusing mothers before they reach the stage of prenatal care and educate them regarding the fatal consequences of drug abuse.
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PMID:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome and behavioral effects produced by maternal drug use. 2673 21