Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article reviews current topics in neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in Japan, focusing especially on the clinical features of akathisia and dystonia. Akathisia is a common side effect associated with antipsychotic drugs. It is most commonly characterized by subjective inner restlessness and objective motor signs, especially in the lower extremities. The mechanisms underlying akathisia remain unclear and controversial; however, an increase in the activity of beta-adrenergic systems relative to dopaminergic systems has been hypothesized, based on clinical therapeutic observations that beta-blocking agents are effective in this condition. A Japanese version of the Barnes Akathisia Scale has recently been established and uses a standardized videotape method for its precise evaluation. Various acute and chronic manifestations of neuroleptic-induced dystonia have been reported in Japan, including blepharospasm, difficulty in opening the eye lids, torticollis, retrocollis, oculogyric crisis, and Pisa syndrome. This review also introduces several other topics related to drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in Japan. These include; 1) the Drug-Induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS), which has recently been established, 2) studies on the discontinuation of anticholinergic drugs, and 3) a summary of extrapyramidal symptoms induced by drugs other than neuroleptics.
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PMID:Current topics in neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in Japan. 868 5

Meige syndrome is a relatively rare type of oral facial dystonia. The dominant symptoms involve involuntary eye blinking and chin thrusting. Some patients may experience excessive tongue protrusion, squinting, muddled speech, or uncontrollable contraction of the platysma muscle. A 44-year-old Japanese male was suffering from schizophrenia. The initial presentation of his psychosis consisted of auditory hallucinations, delusions of persecution, psychomotor excitement, loosening association, and restlessness. After being prescribed several antipsychotic drugs, risperidone was started and gradually increased to 4 mg/day. The above symptoms were relieved, particularly auditory hallucination and excitement were promptly improved. Persecutory delusion, however persisted, and deteriorated. At one year after the start of this risperidone regimen, he exhibited severe blepharospasm symptoms (increased rate of eye blinking, light sensitivity) and oromandibular symptoms (trismus, jaw pain, dysarthria). He was diagnosed with Meige syndrome. His antipsychotic drug was changed from risperidone to paliperidone. Two months after switching from risperidone to paliperidone, his eye blinking, light sensitivity, jaw pain, and trismus gradually improved, although the dysarthria persisted. Six months after starting paliperidone, his symptoms of Meige syndrome were completely remitted. He has been well without relapse at 12 mg/day of paliperidone. The case suggests that Meige syndrome is relieved by changing from risperidone to paliperidone. The precise mechanism of the relief remains, however, unknown.
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PMID:Marked Improvement of Meige Syndrome in a Japanese Male Patient with Schizophrenia After Switching from Risperidone to Paliperidone: A Case Report. 2762 71

Trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-133mzz-E) is an odorless gas that finds uses as a foam transfer agent, heat transfer fluid, and specialty gas. The acute 4-h LC50 (in rats) for HFO-133mzz-E is > 17,000 ppm; it was not an eye or dermal irritant in 3- and 13-week repeated-dose inhalation studies in rats at concentrations up to 1.5% (15,000 ppm). HFO-133mzz-E was not a cardiac sensitizer at 70,000 ppm in a standard epinephrine challenge study in Beagle dogs. In a 3-week, repeated-dose (non-GLP) inhalation range-finding study in male and female rats, HFO-133mzz-E concentrations of 7500 and 15,000 ppm were determined to be well-tolerated. In the follow-up, GLP-compliant, 28-day repeated-dose inhalation study (as per OECD 412), male and female rats were exposed to 0, 1000, 10,000, or 15,000/20,000 ppm (20,000 ppm concentration was decreased to 15,000 ppm after week 1 because of deaths and body weight loss). The study no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was established at 10,000 ppm based on reduced body weight gain and mortality observed at 15,000 ppm. In a 90-day GLP-compliant repeated-dose study (as per OECD 413), male and female rats were exposed to 0, 1000, 5000, 7500, or 15,000 ppm HFO-133mzz-E. Three male rats exposed to 15,000 ppm HFO-133mzz-E died during exposure; clinical signs such as restlessness, blepharospasm, and myoclonic jerks were also observed, during the first month of the study, at 15,000 ppm. There were no significant gross or histopathological organ/tissue lesions attributable to HFO-133mzz-E exposure. The study NOAEL was established at 7500 ppm. In a GLP prenatal developmental study (OECD 414), groups of time-mated nulliparous female rats were exposed via inhalation to 0, 1000, 5000, 7500, or 15,000 ppm HFO-1336mzz-E beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 up to and including GD 19. Under the conditions of this study, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal effects was established at 7500 ppm. HFO-1336mzz-E was not genotoxic in either in vitro or in vivo assays. Based on the results of the 90-day inhalation study, 7500 ppm was determined to be the NOAEL and was selected as the point of departure for the derivation of the 8-h time-weighted average (TWA), health-based workplace environmental exposure level (WEEL) value. This subchronic inhalation NOAEL was adjusted to account for duration of exposure, interindividual variability, and intraindividual variability. The resulting 8-h TWA WEEL value of 400 ppm is fully expected to provide a significant margin of safety against the production of any potential adverse health effects in workers following long-term inhalation exposure to HFO-1336mzz-E.
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PMID:Trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzz-E) (2018). 3086