Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Identical principal components factor analyses of total Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores were conducted for two separate sub-samples (N = 183 and N = 182) drawn from the same clinic population of moderately depressed outpatients. A comparison of the two factor analyses revealed substantial agreement for four factors across the two sub-samples (i.e., four factors from the first sub-sample correlated at least 0.80 with a homologous dimension in the second sub-sample). The four factors were labelled Somatic Complaints, Anorexia, Sleep Disturbance, and Agitation/Retardation. Some additional factors emerged in the analysis of one sub-sample but failed to appear in the other. Overall, these results suggest that the HRS exhibited a relatively stable factorial structure based on a large sample of outpatients with unipolar depressive disorders. Methodological problems with earlier research are discussed in light of the current findings.
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PMID:Factorial structure and factor reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. 322 12

The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was presented to 99 depressed inpatients. The patients were categorized according to DSM-III as suffering from minor depression, major depression without melancholia and major depression with melancholia and/or with psychotic features. Differences in self-reported symptoms between these categories were studied with multivariate statistical techniques including linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and statistical isolinear multiple components analysis (SIMCA). Patients with minor depression rate themselves significantly less depressed than those with major depression. Patients with major depression without melancholia are less depressed than those with melancholia and/or psychotic features. The three DSM-III depressive categories can be regarded as belonging to a clinical continuum in which they form relevant levels with quantitative differences in self-reported symptoms. These differences are not only defined by gradual shiftings in the overall severity of illness, but also by quantitative differences in the severity of some target symptoms, i.e. agitation, retardation, diurnal variation, loss of libido, fatiguability, insomnia, anorexia, sadness and anhedonia.
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PMID:Self rated depression in relation to DSM-III classification: a statistical isolinear multiple components analysis. 334 93

Two infants were diagnosed with dumping syndrome by a radionuclide gastric emptying method. Both patients presented with anorexia, weight loss, agitation and diaphoresis following bolus feeding by gastrostomy tube. One had documented hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Symptoms and signs of dumping in one patient were due to a gastrostomy placed in the antrum, whereby bolus tube feedings were inadvertently introduced directly into the duodenum. The second patient developed dumping symptoms after a Waterston colonic interposition was performed to correct a long gap esophageal atresia. Gastric emptying, measured by administering 99mTc-sulfur colloid-labeled formula, demonstrated an initial extremely rapid appearance of isotope in the small intestine, with greater than one-third of the formula leaving the stomach in less than 2 min. The gastric emptying pattern in both patients appeared biphasic; after the initial "dumping" phase, the remaining formula emptied slowly, with monoexponential decay kinetics.
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PMID:Dumping in infancy diagnosed by radionuclide gastric emptying technique. 339 50

Two cases of indomethacin poisoning with supporting analytical data are described and the literature, which is limited to two reports, is reviewed. In overdose, indomethacin may produce the following non-life threatening symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, drowsiness, headache, tinnitus, restlessness and agitation. The terminal elimination half-life in our two cases was respectively 6.8 hr and 2.9 hr which is similar to that found following a therapeutic dose.
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PMID:Indomethacin poisoning. 371 24

Combined clonidine and naltrexone treatment allowed 38 of 40 patients addicted to methadone to withdraw completely in 4-5 days. For most patients naltrexone was gradually increased from 1 mg/day to 50 mg/day over 4 days. Clonidine reduced the intensity of naltrexone-induced withdrawal symptoms. Clonidine significantly decreased blood pressure without producing syncope and caused sedation but no other clinical problems. The withdrawal symptoms of anxiety, anorexia, insomnia, restlessness, and muscular aching were most resistant but were mild or nonexistent at discharge. Clonidine-naltrexone treatment should succeed with patients receiving methadone doses up to 50 mg/day, facilitate naltrexone maintenance, and apply to many clinical settings.
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PMID:The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe, and effective treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone. 371 21

The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the action of a 5HT-agonist, D-fenfluramine (D-FF) upon energy expenditure in addition to its known anorectic action. Experiment 1 showed that body weight (BW) loss was more than predicted by the anorectic action of D-FF. In pair pattern feeding, D-FF induced a similar BW loss in treated and untreated partners despite the sedation of the former and agitation of the latter. Metabolic measurements (oxygen, carbon dioxide, respiratory quotient and locomotor activity (LA] revealed that D-FF enhances mobilization and intense utilization of endogenous fat reserves during anorexia. Energy expenditure (EE) increased via exaggerated cost of muscular effort which induced high glycolytic-lipogenetic reactions indicative of futile biochemical cycles leading to waste of energy. These locomotion and lipolysis-lipogenesis associated reactions varied as a function of basal body weight, food composition, intensity of LA, ambient temperature and dose of treatment. These data demonstrate that serotonin agonists like D-FF are more than anorectics since they enhance EE and therefore should be referred to as "leptogenic" (leptos = lean) agents since their end effect is the reduction of BW. They also suggest how leptogenic pharmacotherapy could be optimized by acting upon modulatory factors which have been studied in this work, and for example by encouraging LA in treated subjects.
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PMID:Metabolic mechanism of the anorectic and leptogenic effects of the serotonin agonist fenfluramine. 374 Aug 37

Episodes of depression and acute psychosis in two patients receiving propranolol hydrochloride are described, and the literature on propranolol-induced depression and psychosis is reviewed. A 42-year-old woman developed severe depression, marked apathy, social withdrawal, and anorexia after taking propranolol hydrochloride (80 mg/day) for three months to control her hypertension. Five days after the dose was reduced to 40 mg/day, there was a major improvement in her depressive symptoms, with a complete resolution in eight days. Upon rechallenge with 80 mg/day of propranolol, she again experienced depressive symptoms. Atenolol 50 mg/day was substituted for the propranolol therapy, and she exhibited a complete remission of her depression. The second patient was a 63-year-old man who had been taking propranolol hydrochloride 160 mg/day for three months without incident. Because of an increased frequency of anginal attacks, the dosage was increased to 240 mg/day. Within two days, he demonstrated such agitation, excitement, and combativeness that he had to be controlled with a 25-mg dose of methotrimeprazine. When the propranolol dose was reduced to 160 mg/day, his psychotic symptoms rapidly cleared. However, when the dose was subsequently increased to 200 mg/day, he again showed increased agitation. After substituting atenolol 100 mg/day for propranolol, the patient's mental status returned to normal. Both of these patients experienced symptoms that were temporarily associated with propranolol. Both patients were subsequently controlled without symptoms with atenolol therapy. Propranolol is a highly lipophilic beta blocker that achieves high concentrations in the brain. When continued beta-blocking therapy is necessary or beta blockade is indicated, a weakly lipophilic agent such as atenolol is indicated.
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PMID:Propranolol-induced depression and psychosis. 398 22

An 11-year-old previously healthy boy had an abrupt onset of partial complex, focal, multifocal, and generalized seizures, with interictal expressive aphasia, extreme emotional lability, agitation, and complex visual and auditory hallucinations. EEGs showed frequent runs of rhythmic high-voltage delta over the right and subsequently over the right and left temporal and frontal regions. All other studies were negative (repeated computed tomography, spinal fluids, viral titers, and cultures). Nadir during the second month showed virtual unresponsiveness, prolonged rhythmic motor and apneic seizures, total anorexia, and sleeplessness. Remission of the electrical and clinical seizure activity and a gradual improvement through a state of agitation and emotional lability occurred during the third and fourth months. One year later he was entirely normal. Compared with the other previously documented cases of prolonged partial complex status, this case is notable for its florid and severe symptomatology, long duration, and final benign outcome.
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PMID:Protracted epileptiform encephalopathy: an unusual form of partial complex status epilepticus. 407 61

Psychoactive drugs are often widely used before tolerance and dependence is fully appreciated. Tolerance to cannabis-induced cardiovascular and autonomic changes, decreased intraocular pressure, sleep and sleep EEG, mood and behavioral changes is acquired and, to a great degree, lost rapidly with optimal conditions. Mechanisms appear more functional than metabolic. Acquisition rate depends on dose and dose schedule. Dependence, manifested by withdrawal symptoms after as little as 7 days of THC administration, is characterized by irritability, restlessness, insomnia, anorexia, nausea, sweating, salivation, increased body temperature, altered sleep and waking EEG, tremor, and weight loss. Mild and transient in the 120 subjects studied, the syndrome was similar to sedative drug withdrawal. Tolerance to drug side effects can be useful. Tolerance to therapeutic effects or target symptoms poses problems. Clinical significance of dependence is difficult to assess since drug-seeking behavior has many determinants. Cannabis-induced super sensitivity should be considered wherever chronic drug administration is anticipated in conditions like epilepsy, glaucoma or chronic pain. Cannabis pharmacology suggests ways of minimizing tolerance and dependence problems.
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PMID:Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. 627 20

Of a group of 288 depressed female inpatients, 43 (15%) had secondary panic attacks. Compared to other depressives, the subgroup with panic attacks had significantly higher frequencies of anorexia, weight loss, gastrointestinal disturbances, hypochondriasis, and psychomotor agitation, and significantly lower frequencies of melancholic symptoms, including loss of interest in usual activities, guilt feelings, delusional thinking, psychomotor retardation, and orientation or memory impairment. Patients with panic attacks were less likely to have a depressed parent and were more likely to be described as having been nervous, worrisome, sensitive, and sexually dysfunctional before the onset of depression. Phenomenologically, they resembled "anxious depressives" as described by other authors.
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PMID:Depressed women with panic attacks. 646 19


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