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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content of isolated unstimulated mast cells and the changes induced by a variety of pharmacologic, metabolic, and physical stimuli were studied. A modified bovine serum albumin density gradient purification method consistently provided mast cell preparations which were 95% or more pure, without apparent damage, and a 73% recovery of the mast cells applied to the gradients. The measured cAMP in unstimulated mast cells was high, a mean of 16 picomoles per million cells. Moderate agitation or contact with glass increased cAMP content about 2-fold. When calcium was omitted from the medium mast cell cAMP was markedly elevated; incremental increases in added calcium ion concentration from 1 muM to 1 mM caused a linear decrease in cAMP content. Theophylline (3 to 20 mM) caused a dose-related increase in mast cell cAMP content, approximately 2-fold at 20 mM theophylline. Epinephrine (0.01 to 1 mM) caused a modest, dose-related increase in cAMP. In the presence of theophylline, epinephrine increased cAMP levels equal to or greater than the sum of the effects of the agents used individually. The increase in cAMP induced by epinephrine was completely inhibited by 100 muM propranolol and partially inhibited by 10 muM propranolol, thus suggesting that a beta adrenergic receptor is involved. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and histamine (in the presence of theophylline) also raised cAMP. Carbamylcholine (1 nM) lowered cAMP 38%; Atropine (0.1 mM) inhibited the decrease in cAMP induced by 1 nM carbamylcholine by 83% indicating that a muscarinic receptor is involved. In these homogeneous single cell suspensions, therefore, cholinergic and beta adrenergic agents have opposing effects on cAMP levels. Diazoxide (10 muM) and adenine (1 muM) caused 37 and 32% decreases in cAMP, respectively. The availability of highly purified mast cells and the identification of agents which either decrease or increase cAMP content allows a direct examination of the role of cAMP in histamine release.
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PMID:Modulation of cyclic AMP in purified rat mast cells. I. Responses to pharmacologic, metabolic, and physical stimuli. 4 63

The effects of albumin on the geometry of human erythrocytes have been studied. Individual red cells, hanging on edge from coverslips were photographed. Enlarged cell profiles were digitized using a Gradicon digitizer (Instronics Ltd., Stittsville, Ontario). Geometric parameters including diameter, area, volume, minimum cylindrical diameter, sphericity index, swelling index, maximum and minimum cell thickness, were calculated for each cell using a CDC 6400 computer. Maximum effect of human serum albumin was reached at about 1 g/liter. Studies of cell populations showed decreases in mean cell diameter of up to 6%, area 6%, and volume 15%, varying from sample to sample. The thickness of the rim was increased while that at the dimple was decreased. Studies of single cells showed that area and volume changes do not occur equally in all cells. Cells with lower sphericity indices showed larger effects. In the presence of albumin, up to 50% of the cells assumed cup-shapes (stomatocytes). These cells had smaller volumes but the same area as biconcave cells. Mechanical agitation could reversibly induce biconcave cells to assume cup shapes without area or volume changes. Experiments with de-fatted human albumins showed that the presence of bound fatty acids in varying concentrations does not alter the observed effects. Bovine serum albumin has similar effects on human erythrocytes as human serum albumin.
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PMID:Geometry of the human erythrocyte. I. Effect of albumin on cell geometry. 112 37

A process of freeze-thaw polymerization involving the low temperature photopolymerization of a mixed solution of monomers and bovine serum albumin around frozen ice crystals has been used to generate a bead formed macroporous hydrophilic matrix with potential for sustained release. Beads over the size range 100-3000 microns were fabricated with surface and internal pores of between 0.7-2.6 microns whose diameter could be controlled by manipulation of the monomers to solvent ratio. Increasing both the proportion of monomers in the monomer solution and the percentage of BSA incorporated reduced the EWC of beads. The BSA release profile was characterized by an initial burst followed by a lower but sustained release lasting up to 1 month. The total cumulative release of BSA and the proportion of the incorporated BSA load subsequently released were both reduced in physiological saline compared with distilled water but enhanced by freeze drying, mild agitation and incubation at 37 degrees C.
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PMID:Low temperature incorporation of bovine serum albumin into a bead formed macroporous hydrophilic polymer matrix with potential for sustained release. 161 Jul 36

Cell subsets have been discriminated in cell suspensions derived from 37 human head and neck tumors by means of light scatter, DNA, and cytokeratin flow cytometry (FCM). Cell dispersion was performed overnight at 4 degrees C in two different enzyme mixtures, i.e., trypsin/dithioerythritol and collagenase/DNase, under slight agitation of sliced tumor tissue. Cells were examined before and after fractionation on a discontinuous low-density bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradient. Forward and right-angle light scatter FCM of 23 tumor specimens revealed four main subpopulations with different size and structure. Fractionation of primary cell suspensions on a BSA gradient at unit gravity separated debris, small cells and large cells. DNA FCM of the enriched populations demonstrated a relation between large cells and DNA aneuploidy. Epithelial cells, as recognized by cytokeratin antibodies, were also related with large cells. The results demonstrated the usefulness of light scatter, DNA, and cytokeratin analysis of crude and fractionated tumor cell suspensions for assessment of the efficacy of a particular dispersion technique and to obtain information of the cell subsets dispersed.
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PMID:Cell size, DNA, and cytokeratin analysis of human head and neck tumors by flow cytometry. 241 57

During an 11-month period, 70 tube-fed patients aged 65 to 95 years were studied prospectively to determine the indications, benefits, and complications of enteral alimentation. Indications for alimentation were refusal to swallow (35 patients [50%], dysphagia without obstruction (33 [47%]), and esophageal obstruction (two [3%]). Nasogastric tubes (NGTs) were used initially in 69 patients; 15 of these subsequently required a gastrostomy tube (GT). One patient was treated initially with a gastrostomy. Indicators of nutritional status included weight, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and serum albumin level. During the first two weeks the most common problems in the NGT group were agitation and self-extubation (36 patients [67%]) and aspiration pneumonia (23 [43%]). In GT patients the most common early problems were aspiration pneumonia (nine patients [56%]), tube dysfunction (eight [50%]), and agitation and extubation (seven [44%]). The common late problems were aspiration pneumonia (24 patients [44%] in the NGT group and nine [56%] in the GT group), and feeding tube dysfunction in six (38%) of the GT group. Self-extubation as a late problem was limited to the NGT group (21 patients [39%]). Twenty-eight (40%) of the 70 patients died during the study period.
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PMID:Tube feedings in elderly patients. Indications, benefits, and complications. 312 77

Intramuscular chlordiazepoxide (CDX) is commonly administered to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) patients requiring prompt management of alcohol agitation, anxiety, and delirium tremors. Sedative action is associated with plasma levels of approximately 2.0 mcg/ml, however, intramuscular CDX has been shown to produce peak concentrations consistently below 2.0 mcg/ml in normal subjects. The present study was designed to define the absorption characteristics of intramuscular 25 mg CDX in males with ALD. Five normal males had mean CDX absorption half-lives of 3.0 h and peaked at 0.8 mcg/ml in 7.2 h, while 11 males with ALD had mean absorption half-lives of 9.0 h, and peaked at 0.7 mcg/ml in 19.1 h when they received the drug dissolved in normal saline. Four other males with ALD who received CDX dissolved in the manufacturer's diluent had significantly slower mean absorption half-lives of 16.1 h which peaked at 0.3 mcg/ml in 35.2 h. Significant linear correlations were found with age (r = 0.60, p less than 0.01), body weight (r = 0.55, p less than 0.01), and serum albumin (r = 0.60, p less than 0.01). Because of the extremely slow intramuscular absorption of CDX dissolved in normal saline or the manufacturer's diluent in males with ALD, we do not recommend this route of administration in this population.
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PMID:The absorption of intramuscular chlordiazepoxide (Librium) in patients with severe alcoholic liver disease. 662 48

The concentrations of immunoglobulins A (IgA) and serum albumin (SA) determined in sputum by electro-immunoassay have been compared after the extraction of proteins by two methods: 1) ion exchange chromatography and 2) mechanical agitation at high ionic strength. No significant difference of IgA is observed between the two methods. On the contrary, a very significant decrease in the concentration of SA is observed by the chromatographic extraction which is incomplete when pH - value of extract is lower than that of the isoelectric point of SA.
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PMID:[Comparison of 2 extraction methods of immunoglobulins A and serum albumin in sputum]. 666

Production of protease by fermentation, using Sorangium 495, of a substrate based on condensed fish solubles is demonstrated. The effects of carbohydrate addition, pH, fish solubles concentration, scale-up, agitation, and air flow rate on protease yields are described. While the fish solubles medium alone could give rise to measurable yields of protease, these were, at worst, doubled when 1% glucose was added to the medium. pH 7 was optimal for protease yield. Although the concentration of fish solubles in the basic medium showed no significant effect on cell yield, maximum protease yield was observed at a protein concentration equivalent to 3.85 mg/mL of bovine serum albumin. Protease production rates decreased as medium protein fermentor showed no significant effect on maximum protease yields. The effects of agitator speed and air flow rate on protease yield suggested that the rate of O2 transfer from air to medium could limit the rate of protease production. It was also noted that protease production is not growth associated.
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PMID:Protease production by fermentation of fish solubles from salmon canning processes. 678 Jan 75

Survival of media-suspended porcine erythrocytes exposed to various hydrodynamic environments was investigated with and without such shear protectant additives as bovine serum albumin, dextran and the non-ionic surfactant Pluronic F68. Erythrocytes provided a model cell population with cells of a uniform size, metabolic state and shear tolerance. Because the cells were non-growing, any shear adaptation effects were avoided. Cell lysis was followed by microscopic counts or release of haemoglobin. The cells were susceptible to agitation damage in unaerated shake flasks agitated at 100 rpm or greater. Relative to additives-free operation, the presence of 0.1% (w/v) dextran or albumin prolonged cell survival, but Pluronic F68 actually enhanced cell lysis in flasks agitated at 100 rpm. The protective effect of the additives depended on the hydrodynamic conditions. The protective effect of albumin was demonstrated also in aerated conditions in a split-cylinder airlift bioreactor (aspect ratio of 8.8; riser-to-downcomer cross-sectional area ratio of 1.0; specific power input of 0.34 W m-3). Comparison of the cell lysis characteristics in the airlift device and the best case performance of the shake flask showed longer survival in the flask (100 rpm); however, the length of survival in the reactor (approx. 70 h) was sufficient for practical purposes. In all cases, the cell lysis pattern conformed initially to zero-order dependence in cell concentration, becoming first-order after varying degrees of exposure to hydrodynamic forces. Fatigue failure of cells was inferred.
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PMID:Effects of the hydrodynamic environment and shear protectants on survival of erythrocytes in suspension. 857 20

Titanium surfaces were coated with bovine serum albumin using carbodiimide, a crosslinking agent. The durability of the coated surfaces and the inhibitory effect of the albumin coating on bacterial adherence were tested in vitro for 20 consecutive days at 37 degrees C in phosphate buffered saline, with intermittent agitation. The results showed that only 10% of the coated bovine serum albumin decayed off the surface during the 20-day incubation period. The inhibition rate of the albumin coating on bacterial adherence remained high (greater than 8.5%) throughout the experiment. The results suggested potential use of this crosslinked albumin coating to reduce bacterial adherence and thus the subsequent possibility of prosthetic or implant infection in vivo.
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PMID:Prevention of bacterial adherence to implant surfaces with a crosslinked albumin coating in vitro. 889 83


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