Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Admission thyroid function tests were reviewed in 115 euthyroid patients with depression (66), depression and alcohol abuse (30), or alcohol abuse (19). Estimated free thyroxine (EFT) levels ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 ng/100 ml (normal, 1.0 to 2.1). Levels above 2.1 ng/100 ml were associated with agitation and values under 1.1 with alcohol abuse. Mean EFT levels differed significantly among six diagnostic subgroups and paralleled rank order for severity of depression (none, secondary, reactive, single uncategorized, recurrent, psychotic). Alcohol abuse negatively affected EFT: there was a significant decrease of mean EFT level from nonabusers to abusers and, further, to intoxicated abusers. A positive association between EFT level and severity of depression, and a negative one with alcohol use, were significant when other variables considered were controlled. These two factors accounted from 28.2% of variability in EFT levels, with a minimal additional contribution of medication effect.
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PMID:Thyroid function in depression and alcohol abuse: a retrospective study. 88 24

The records of 34 patients who showed evidence of emotional deterioration 6 months or more following traumatic brain injury were compared with a group of patients matched for severity of initial neuropsychiatric impairment who did not show deterioration. The deterioration group was more likely to have been involved in assaults and less likely to have been involved in a motor vehicle accident than the improvement group. The deterioration group was also more likely to have a prior history of alcohol abuse and to have sustained a skull fracture with left parietal lobe injury than the improvement group. Agitation, hostility, apathy, lability of mood, emotional withdrawal, and depression were the symptoms most likely to worsen over time. This deterioration may have been due to premorbid personality characteristics or to the nature of long-term neuronal response to injury.
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PMID:Comparison of patients with and without emotional/behavioral deterioration during the first year after traumatic brain injury. 182 Dec 28

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive decline. However, little is known about the "typical" rate of decline, the degree of individual heterogeneity evident in decline, or the types of factors that influence such decline. This study investigated these questions in a sample of 106 patients with Alzheimer's disease, assessed at 1-5 points in time, spanning up to three years. At each time point, the Mini-Mental State Exam, a measure of global cognitive function, was administered to all patients. Measures of behavioral disturbance (including the presence/absence of hallucinations, depression, incontinence, wandering, and agitation), health status (including presence/absence of neurological, cardiovascular, and other diseases), and descriptive information (such as gender, age at time of onset, and duration of deficits) were obtained at entry into the study. A two-stage random effects regression model was fit to the data and then used to assess the effect of these behavioral, health, and descriptive measures on the rate of decline. Results indicate that the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease is quite variable. Patients with various health and behavioral problems declined at a rate between 1.4 and 5 times faster than patients without such problems. Alcohol abuse, additional neurological disease, and agitation were significantly related to rate of decline. Overall number of problems was not. The association of these problems with accelerated decline may have prognostic and treatment implications.
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PMID:Cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease: behavioral and health factors. 231 49

Although narcotics and benzodiazepines are widely used as premedications for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, we have found a significant number of patients in whom this combination is either inadequate for sedation or results in paradoxical agitation. Over the last 54 months, we have administered droperidol, a neuroleptic, as an adjunct to narcotics and benzodiazepines in 764 patients undergoing 1,102 procedures. The most common indication for droperidol usage was active alcohol abuse or withdrawal (45%). The most frequent dose administered was 2.5 mg (41.1%) followed by 3.75 mg (25.8%). The level of sedation and cooperation was adequate in all but 22 procedures (2.0%). Complications related to droperidol use were infrequent, occurring in 17 procedures (1.5%). There was no mortality or major morbidity resulting from droperidol usage. In our endoscopic population, we find droperidol to be a safe and efficacious adjunctive agent for conscious sedation.
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PMID:Utility of droperidol for conscious sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. 233 77

The frequencies of 15 self-reported symptoms of cocaine withdrawal were compared in 75 subjects to the symptoms listed as criteria by DSM-III and DSM-III-R for either amphetamine or cocaine withdrawal. Three of the four most frequently reported symptoms, depression (75%), sleep disturbance (71%), and fatigue (69%), corresponded to DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria. The only other DSM-III symptom, increased dreaming (33%), was infrequently reported, lending support to its deletion by DSM-III-R. Physical withdrawal symptoms, which are generally unappreciated in cocaine withdrawal, were reported by 64% of the sample. Neither the DSM-III criteria nor the new DSM-III-R criteria include other frequent symptoms which might contribute to relapse and impaired functioning, such as craving (69%), apathy/amotivation (67%), and restlessness (64%). Thus, these criteria may be too narrowly defined for treatment purposes.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1988
PMID:A comparison of self-reported symptoms and DSM-III-R criteria for cocaine withdrawal. 318 56

Ten (17%) of 58 patients with chronic viral hepatitis treated with a four- to 12-month course of recombinant human interferon alfa developed psychiatric side effects. The psychiatric side effects fell into three categories: an organic personality syndrome characterized by irritability and short temper; an organic affective syndrome marked by extreme emotional lability, depression, and tearfulness; and a delirium marked by clouding of consciousness, agitation, paranoia, and suicidal potential. These psychiatric side effects appeared after one to three months of therapy, usually improved within three to four days of decreasing the dose of interferon alfa, and invariably resolved once therapy was stopped. The organic personality and affective syndromes tended to occur in patients who received the highest dose of interferon alfa, who had relatively mild hepatitis, and who lost weight during interferon treatment. Delirium tended to occur in patients with severe hepatitis who had previous evidence of organic brain injury or dysfunction or previous drug and alcohol abuse. Failure to recognize these side effects quickly and to treat them with supportive therapy and modification of the dose of interferon alfa could result in limitation of therapy and serious personal and interpersonal consequences.
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PMID:Psychiatric complications of long-term interferon alfa therapy. 330 72

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and tryptophan (TRY) were measured in 14 male alcohol-dependent patients with delirium tremens. Lumbar punctures were performed immediately after admission following a standardized psychiatric examination and symptom rating in a drug-free state. Results were compared with a control group consisting of 32 neurological patients with only peripheral disorders, excluding spinal processes and abnormal routine CSF findings. All three substances were significantly increased in delirium tremens; 5HIAA showed the most marked and TRY the least pronounced increase. The statistical correction for age, height and body weight did not decrease but somewhat increased the differences. Duration of alcohol abuse did not account for the observed metabolic changes; severity of delirium tremens, however, correlated significantly with the 5HIAA and to a lesser degree with the HVA level. The further analysis revealed a differential relationship of the amine metabolite concentrations to some prominent symptoms: agitation was significantly dependent only on the HVA level while disorientation and hallucination seemed to be determined mostly by the serotonin metabolite 5HIAA in the CSF. TRY concentration proved to be unrelated to either global severity or any of these symptoms.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in delirium tremens. 617 95

This is the second part of an investigation of alcohol-abusing teenage boys, focusing on personality. One group of 50 High-consumers and one group of 50 0-consumers were selected from 862 18-year-old boys in the general population summoned to the Regional Recruiting and Replacement Office in Solna. These boys answered a personality inventory (KSP) to test a hypothesis on alcohol abuse and personality factors which might indicate psychopathy. The results support the hypothesis that alcohol-abusing teenage boys have psychopathic personality traits while the non-consuming boys have normal personalities. The study cannot reveal whether the differences in personality were the result of the high alcohol consumption or if the psychopathic personality traits preceded the high consumption. A reasonable hypothesis for further research is that vulnerable boys living under poor social conditions react to their situation with motoric restlessness, impulsiveness and aggressive acting-out behaviour. Due to this their social adjustment as grown ups is poor with consequent alcohol and drug abuse and criminality.
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PMID:Alcohol-abusing teenage boys. Testing a hypothesis on alcohol abuse and personality factors, using a personality inventory. 665 Feb 16

In the context of a prevalence survey of schizophrenia in South Westminster, a questionnaire was administered to 271 patients to assess alcohol-related morbidity. In this epidemiologically based sample, the lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse was 22.1%. Compared with control patients matched for age and sex, these index cases had a significantly shorter duration of illness. A possible explanation is that drinking may mask the onset of schizophrenia, leading to a delay in diagnosis. The index cases also had significantly higher ratings for hallucinations and for hostility, anxiety and depression, and a greater number of disturbed types of behaviour. The highest levels of alcohol consumption were associated with more severe orofacial dyskinesia, suggesting that alcohol use may be an added risk factor for the development of tardive dyskinesia in some patients. The severity of akathisia was also related to alcohol use, and there were significant relationships between the subjective distress related to akathisia and the level of abuse. A possible interpretation is that alcohol had been used by patients with akathisia to alleviate the associated agitation and dysphoria.
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PMID:South Westminster schizophrenia survey. Alcohol use and its relationship to symptoms, tardive dyskinesia and illness onset. 799 24

We assessed cocaine abstinence symptomatology in a sample of 100 cocaine-abusing, methadone-maintained patients who completed an anonymous questionnaire retrospectively rating the intensity of 18 symptoms at six time points, from 30 minutes to 2 weeks, post-cocaine use. We found that a majority of patients endorsed symptoms related to dysphoria 24 hours post-binge. However, these symptoms tended to be mild to moderate in intensity and relatively short-lived. Principal components analyses extracted four factors accounting for 64% of the variance: psychoticism, exhaustion, agitation, recovery. Early post-binge period was dominated by psychoticism and agitation, followed by recovery for the duration of the period assessed.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1996 Aug
PMID:Abstinence symptomatology associated with cessation of chronic cocaine abuse among methadone-maintained patients. 884 86


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