Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sultopride was given to 5 patients with chronic psychosis and 5 with agitation or a psychiatric emergency. Initial dosages were from 3 to 6 vials/day in acute conditions and from 3 to 6 tablets/day in chronic diseases. Sultopride was effective in 70% of patients, with a 100% efficiency rate in acute conditions. Results on agitation were very satisfactory considering the severity of most of the conditions included in the study. On the whole, tolerance was very good.
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PMID:[Sultopride in the treatment of agitation]. 630 14

Five children, admitted with acute psychotic reactions after use of Scopolamine eye drops 0.2%, are presented. The predominant symptoms were visual hallucinations, strange behaviour, and restlessness. In one case peripheral symptoms were observed. Recovery was complete in 24 h. Prescription of Scopolamine eye drops should be followed by information of possible adverse effects. Cyclopentolate might be used instead.
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PMID:Toxic effect of scopolamine eye drops in children. 646 93

In acute psychotic states of agitation there is an enhanced incidence of thromboembolic complications. Hence, it is required to consider any intrapsychotic and postpsychotic deviations occurring in the regular clotting process, and to correct them therapeutically, if necessary.
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PMID:[Thrombophilic diatheses as hemostasis disorders in acute psychoses]. 652 3

Referring to articles published by specialists in the field, the discussion focuses on the controversial and poorly reported subject of the psychiatric aspects of abortion. The views on this topic vary from country to country. The psychiatric morbidity occurring in pregnancy is examined as well as indications for abortion. A workable frame of reference indicating psychiatric illness, where abortion could be instituted, is presented. In Denmark and Sweden special laws, liberalizing abortion on psychiatric grounds, have been introduced. These include psychotic states, reactive depressions with psychotic states, reactive depressions with suicidal risks, psychasthenic conditions, as well as eugenic and social reasons. As puerperal psychoses have a good prognosis, Sim has stated that there are no psychiatric grounds for abortion. In Japan psychiatric indications for abortion need not be supported by medical evidence, but in Italy and Spain such indications however urgent are not permitted. In Britain the abortion act passed in 1967 liberalized the law in relation to psychiatric grounds for abortion. In a patient who has had a number of pregnancies each of which had precipitated exacerbations of schizophrenic illness, abortion could be recommended. Manic depressive illness has a good outcome with antidepressant medication, electroconvulsive therapy, lithium prophylaxis, and supportive therapy and would not by itself constitute grounds for abortion. Suicide is a very real threat in this group of diseases especially in the presence of agitation. Another problem would be a mother who has shown an aggressive psychopathic personality deviation. Patients who have had a psychotic or other obvious psychiatric illness constitute only a proportion of cases where a decision about therapeutic abortion may have to be considered. Often a psychiatrist would be called upon to express an opinion regarding therapeutic abortion in an unwed, neurotic, anxiety ridden mother, threatening suicide. The psychiatrist would then have to assess the seriousness of the suicidal threat. Suicidal acts are not rare in pregnancy. It is useful to obtain confirmation of serious suicidal inclinations from a close relative when assessing the mental states of patients. Ekblad following up 479 cases of abortion found that 11% expressed serious self reproach and 24% showed a mild form of guilt reaction, but these reactions are easily amenable to psychotherapy. If there is a grave risk to the mental health of the mother, if serious physical harm or death should ensue in an attempted suicide, or if there is a substantial risk that the child would develop a serious mental or physical handicap, then therapeutic abortion is justified. Another important legal consideration is the question of consent. In giving an opinion for abortion on psychiatric grounds obtaining a 2nd opinion of another psychiatrist is prudent. The laws in Sri Lanka do not recognize dangers to the mother's mental health or fetal deformities as indications for therapeutic abortion.
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PMID:A review of psychiatric aspects for termination of pregnancy. 666 25

The utility of the benzamides in clinical psychiatry requires further evaluation. Of the four compounds mentioned in this chapter, it seems clear that sulpiride is an effective antipsychotic agent as shown by double-blind trials comparing it with placebo and reference antipsychotics (see Table I). Claimed efficacy for this agent in depression, anxiety, and school-phobia require more intensive evaluation. Sultopride has been reported to have efficacy in a variety of psychiatric syndromes, i.e., manic depressive illness and agitation associated with alcoholic syndromes. Tiapride has reported efficacy in a variety of alcoholic states, agitation associated with medical disease, and movement disorders. Unfortunately, all of the studies on both tiapride and sultopride have been open trials on which the results were based solely on the global clinical impression of the investigator. The total lack of formal diagnostic criteria, adequate study design, small sample size, heterogeneity of diagnosis, and questionable length of time for treatment of these disorders make it impossible to draw any firm conclusions at this time as to the efficacy toward any psychiatric disorder. Metoclopramide, on the other hand, may not only have possible antipsychotic efficacy based on one open study (62,63) but may provide an important clue as to the action of antipsychotics in general. More double-blind studies are indicated to assess its function in acute psychosis. The four compounds do seem to have properties similar to many of the classic antipsychotic agents in view of their common dopamine-blocking activity, antiemetic, sedative, and cataleptic effects. In addition, they have similar spectrum of side effects. Certain effects such as lack of efficacy in dopamine receptor models (for metoclopramide) and questionable differences in sites of action (blocking of dopamine and mesolimbic versus nigral striatal areas for sulpiride) may indicate unique neurochemical effects for these compounds and may provide a clue to allow the investigators to better predict antipsychotic efficacy and draw inferences regarding sites of action and mechanisms underlying neuroleptic activity. The benzamides have been used extensively in France since 1967. Before these drugs can be considered to be effective antipsychotic agents on par with phenothiazines and butyrophenones, further double-blind studies are indicated. These studies would give us a better idea as to whether they fit into the psychiatrist's armanentarium and may allow further insights into the relationship between descriptive psychopathology and neuropharmacology.
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PMID:Clinical trials of benzamides in psychiatry. 675 60

CSF GABA levels were not significantly different in a group of drug-free psychotic patients compared to a group of psychotic patients at two points during haloperidol treatment or a neurological comparison group. In the untreated group, CSF GABA was significantly negatively correlated with clinical ratings of anxiety and agitation. Early in haloperidol treatment CSF GABA was significantly positively correlated with CSF HVA.
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PMID:CSF GABA in psychotic disorders. 677

We observed acute onset of delayed psychosis in 8 patients 1 month to 11 years after right temporoparietooccipital (TPO) stroke or trauma. The psychotic disorder included hallucinations and, in some patients delusions and agitation. All patients had spatioconstructional difficulties. None had an earlier psychiatric disorder. Seven of eight patients had clinical seizures, often in close temporal relationship to the psychosis. The pathophysiology of the psychosis may be related to that of the epilepsy.
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PMID:Delayed psychosis after right temporoparietal stroke or trauma: relation to epilepsy. 680 40

We have described three patients who illustrate the broad clinical spectrum of quinacrine-associated neuropsychiatric disturbances. The toxic manifestations range from subtle changes of restlessness, insomnia, hyperirritability to frank psychosis and seizures. These symptoms may follow only a few doses of the drug, or they may occur well after the drug has been discontinued. Our patients reemphasize the importance of recognizing the variability of quinacrine-induced toxic reactions.
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PMID:Quinacrine-induced psychiatric disturbances. 706 14

Diclofensine inhibits uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. In this pilot trial, 169 mostly hospitalized patients with various subtypes of depression were treated over a period of 30 days. From the data collected we were able to document a response rate of 75%. The response was characterized by psychoenergizing, mood alleviating effects. Symptoms such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, anxiety, ideas of suicide, phobic thoughts, and agitation contributed most to the overall improvement, whereas insomnia and delusions were little affected. Patients with non-psychotic depressions reacted more rapidly and impressively than patients with psychotic features. Also their dose requirements were less. Drop-outs due to adverse reactions were very low. Only a very few severely depressed patients showed a clinical deterioration after 1 week of initially good response. A number of patients continued on maintenance medication with diclofensine over a period of 2-4 months without showing any signs of abrupt dissipation. It can be hypothesized that diclofensine can be an effective drug for the relief of depressions, in particular for those patients who require psychic energization. Its nonsedative profile, good tolerance, and broad margin of safety make this drug particularly interesting for the general practice.
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PMID:Pilot trials with diclofensine, a new psychoactive drug in depressed patients. 710 85

Phencyclidine (PCP), a widely abused drug currently, has multiple pharmacological actions, including psychotomimetic [1], anesthetic [2], sympathomimetic [2], anticholinergic [3-7], and dopaminergic [8-10]. Similarly, PCP intoxication in man can present with diverse symptoms: schizophrenia-like delusions and hallucinations; mania; violence, dyskinetic, catatonic, or stereotyped movements; hypertension; and coma [11, 12]. There is general agreement that the treatment of PCP intoxication includes support of vital functions and acidification of the urine [13]. However, there is no known specific antidote for PCP toxicity. Although diazepam [13], haloperidol [14, 15], and chlorpromazine [16] have been reported to improve the agitation and psychotic symptoms caused by PCP, the therapeutic efficacy of these agents has rarely been documented with objective clinical measures. Recently we found that intramuscular physostigmine and haloperidol [17, 18] improved several symptoms of acute PCP intoxication as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) [19].
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PMID:Phencyclidine intoxication: assessment of possible antidotes. 713 17


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