Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The antidepressants trimipramine and imipramine were compared within the framework of a multiclinical study performed under the conditions of a controlled clinical experiment. There has been found a time-different remission of affective und psychomotoric symptoms. The panthymoleptic action of trimipramine and other antidepressants is discussed with reference to these results. Trimipramine influences psychotic states, especially if in depression anxiety is combined with agitation, also in hypochondriac forms of depression.
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PMID:[Differential indication of trimipramine - results of a controlled multiclinical study]. 38 97

This study suggests that patients receiving daily doses of 40 mg of prednisone or its equivalent, are at greater risk for developing steroid psychosis. Psychotic reactions were twice as likely to occur during the first 5 days of treatment as subsequently. Premorbid personality, history of previous psychiatric disorder, and a history of previous steroid psychosis did not clearly increase the patient's risk of developing psychotic reaction during any given course of therapy. Steroid psychoses present as spectrum psychoses with symptoms ranging from affective through schizophreniform to those of an organic brain syndrome. No characteristic stable presentation was observed in these 14 cases reported here. The most prominent symptom constellation to appear some time during the course of the illness consisted of emotional lability, anxiety, distractibility, pressured speech, sensory flooding, insomnia, depression, perplexity, agitation, auditory and visual hallucinations, intermittent memory impairment, mutism, disturbances of body image, delusions, apathy, and hypomania. Phenothiazines administered in average daily doses of 212 mg produced excellent response in all patients studied. Of particular note was the fact that tricyclic antidepressants produced an exacerbation or worsening of the clinical state in all patients to whom they were administered.
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PMID:Presentation of the steroid psychoses. 43 94

Decreases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) calcium accompany mood elevation and motor activation in depressed patients undergoing treatment with ECT, lithium, and total sleep deprivation. Similarly, decreases in CSF calcium occur during acute psychotic agitation or mania. On the other hand, periodic recurrences of such agitated states are accompanied at their onset by transient increases in serum calcium and phosphorus. Several observations suggest that such serum ion shifts may trigger the more enduring and opposite shifts in CSF calcium and, in turn, the manic behavior. Progressive restriction of dietary calcium was earlier reported to mitigate and finally abolish both rhythmic rises in serum calcium and periodic agitated episodes in one psychotic patient. Lithium, which decreases the efficiency of alimentary calcium absorption, may function similarly. Conversely, a modest oral calcium lactate supplement (approximately one additional Recommended Daily Allowance of dietary calcium) seemed to slightly intensify agitation in six patients. Dihydrotachysterol (DHT), an analogue of vitamin D, which more exactly mimics the increase in both serum calcium and phosphorus, appeared in at least one periodically psychotic patient to trigger and opposite shift in CSF calcium. Moreover, in eight patients, manic symptomatology appeared de novo or grew significantly and substantially worse during 2 to 6 weeks of oral DHT administration. On the other hand, in 12 patients, subcutaneous injections of synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) decreased serum calcium and phosphorus, increased CSF calcium, and decreased agitation while augmenting depressive symptomatology. SCT also decreased quantified motor activity, frequency and severity of periodic agitated episodes, serum CPK and prolactin, and nocturnal sleep, while DHT or calcium lactate had opposite effects on the same parameters.
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PMID:Calcium: bivalent cation in the bivalent psychoses. 47 21

Small but statistically significant increases in serum total calcium and serum inorganic phosphorus concided with repeated onsets of psychotic agitation or mania in nine psychotic in-patients experiencing rapid cycles of illness. These increases were not accompanied by changes in magnesium or other constituents, which might suggest non-specific haemoconcentration. Similar increases in calcium or phosphorus were not present in patients without the same cycles of psychotic illness. The observed increases could neither be simulated nor altered by stress or activity, and it remains unclear whether they might be accounted for by dietary changes, sleep disruption, circadian phase shifts or by endocrine alterations.
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PMID:Increased serum calcium and phosphorus with the 'switch' into manic or excited psychotic state. 49 26

Although physical restraint is a widely used and possibly hazardous form of treatment, few guidelines for its use appear in the recent psychiatric literature. An approach is described in which physical restraint is considered to be a specific therapeutic technique with definable indications, "dosages", contra-indications, and side effects. A method of initiating and terminating this treatment modality is presented and the indications for its use are discussed. These include the presence of violent behavior during a psychotic illness; the presence of agitation or confusion when the use of antipsychotic medication is limited by physical illness; the presence of severe psychotic symptoms in conjunction with severely regressed, socially aversive behavior; the need to reduce excessive external stimuli; and the request for restraint by the patient. Possible side effects and contra-indications are also discussed and criteria for evaluating the duration and effectiveness of the treatment are proposed.
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PMID:The role of physical restraint in the treatment of psychiatric illness. 58 Feb 72

Two identical groups of schizophrenic patients were treated for 28 days randomized with 3 and 8 mg of pimozide. In the antipsychotic efficacy no difference could be seen. Difference was in side effects: The 8-mg group had three times more extrapyramidal signs, mostly akathisia and agitation, and needed seven times more minor tranquilizer than the 3-mg group. Severe agitation as a psychotic symptom was equal in both groups. Preference therefore is given to the smaller dosage.
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PMID:[Dose-effect relations. Doubleblind study on two different doses of pimozide (author's transl)]. 58 41

We proceed from an earlier study with a behaviour-oriented judging scale and report a first attempt of quantifying systematically non-verbal elements of behaviour, taking into account the time-course of drug induced amelioration of psychopathology. The study is based on 7 cases of psychotic agitated depressions. We analyzed 4 video-taped interviews of every patient which were recorded during an antidepressant drug period of 21 days. Frequency respectively duration of defined modes of hand movements, classified with reference to Freedman were registered without sound and under the condition of time-blindness. We found a monotonous decrease of "continuous body-focused movements" in correlation with a redcution of the AMP item "depressive agitation". On account of this finding we consider a decrease of "continuous body-focused movements" as an objective indicator for amelioration of depressive agitation. A comparison between the activity of the two hands yielded a pronounced left-weightiness of object-focused, continuous body-focused and discrete body-focused movements in contrast to findings on normal persons. It seems to be remarkable that only the two latter modes of hand movements show a tendency to symmetry in the course of clinical improvement. Neuroethological implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:[Videotape methods for assessing nonverbal cues of behavior in depressive syndromes (author's transl)]. 61 26

The author has given bromperidol to a first group of fifteen patients with a clear psychotic condition, mostly of the schizophrenic type. The results of this study show that this neuroleptic drug possesses potent antipsychotic properties, being thus very interesting in the treatment of productive psychosis. Its antimanic activity is, however, not pronounced. Therefore, it is not indicated in agitation states requiring heavy and immediate sedation. The general tolerability of the product is excellent. Its side-effects are mostly of the extrapyramidal type, generally mild and easily controlled by antiparkinson medications. Bromperidol, given in one single daily dose, is well accepted by the patients. It is therefore a valuable addition in the neuroleptic therapy as concerns prevention of relapses in psychotic conditions. Its stimulating properties on activity, concentration and socioprofessional adaptation make it particularly adequate for readaptation programs.
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PMID:Clinical trial with bromperidol in psychotic states. 64 4

Research thus far indicates that CSF 5HIAA and HVA may be correlated with state components of psychotic syndromes. HVA may be positively correlated with a component of arousal or activity. The negative correlation between 5HIAA and state variables of activity or agitation in one study suggests an inhibitory deficit in some acute psychoses or a circulating psychotomimetic substance acting on 5HT receptors. Low CSF HVA values in some psychotic patients could be a manifestation of DA receptor supersensitivity which may antedate and promote the occurrence of acute psychosis. The low CSF HVA is also consistent with a Type B monoamine oxidase deficiency in chronic patients. Such a deficiency could theoretically play a role in either (or both) state or trait behavioral components of psychotic illnesses. Decreased CSF HVA could also be related to trait behaviors in psychoses as a possible reflection of MBD. An increasingly important aspect of biological research in psychotic states in the recognition that biological studies should relate to the component behaviors which make up particular psychotic disorders.
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PMID:CSF acid monoamine metabolites in psychotic syndromes: what might they signify? 66 35

During a 13-month period, 9 patients with phencyclidine-induced psychosis were admitted to Darnall Army Hospital. They exhibited hostility agitation, and tangentiality and had delusions of influence and religious grandiosity. Six subjects reported auditory hallucinations, and 4 were disoriented in at least 1 sphere. Despite treatment with antipsychotic medication, the psychotic episodes often persisted for more than 30 days. Our clinical finding of prolonged psychotic reactions, together with previous reports of the effects of phencyclidine, suggests that phenycyclidine provides an intriguing drug model for schizophrenia.
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PMID:Phencyclidine-induced psychosis. 69 30


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