Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085631 (agitation)
 12,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the period of February 1972 until February 1976, we documented six cases of influenza A-associated acute encephalopathy. The illnesses occurred during periods of influenza A activity in our community. The encephalopathy was invariably preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection, and, thereafter, patients soon became confused, vomited, and showed noticeable restlessness. Patients then followed either of two courses, some becoming comatose within 24 hours and others improving rapidly within three days or less. None of these patients exhibited the hepatic and biochemical abnormalities associated with Reye's syndrome. All patients survived but some had sequelae. The syndrome of influenza-associated acute encephalopathy deserves wider recognition.
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PMID:Influenza A virus associated with acute encephalopathy. 22 36

Antidepressant withdrawal symptoms, following abrupt or gradual discontinuation of antidepressants, include general somatic distress (flu-like syndromes, gastro-intestinal disturbances, myalgias, headache, chills, weakness and rhinorrhea), anxiety, agitation, sleep disturbances, movement disorders, cardiac arrhythmias, delirium and manic reactions. Two cases of delirium, an hypomanic reaction and two general distress and movement disorders are reported. Cases 1 and 2 required admission to a general hospital. The etiology of the delirium was difficult to assess as long as the clinicians did not know that patients were taking antidepressants. Case 3 corresponds to the paradoxical activation following antidepressant interruption. Cases 4 and 5 constitutes light withdrawal syndromes. Most of cases are probably unrecognized. These cases reflect the importance in daily practice of the phenomena. It can be concluded from our study that: antidepressants must not be abruptly discontinued when a somatic disease appears. When a patient treated with a psychotropic drug develops delirium, the withdrawal of antidepressant must be suspected and the prescribing physician contacted to know what kind of psychoactive medication was prescribed.
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PMID:[Withdrawal syndrome from antidepressive drugs. Report of 5 cases]. 129 96

Abrupt or gradual discontinuation of tricyclic antidepressants may precipitate withdrawal symptoms. The most common of these are general somatic or gastrointestinal distress, anxiety and agitation, sleep disturbance, akathisia, parkinsonism, paradoxical behavioral activation and mania. There are very few reports of withdrawal reactions following discontinuation of clomipramine since it has not been in use in the US until recently. 2 patients with withdrawal symptoms following discontinuation of clomipramine are presented. A 45-year-old man had general somatic symptoms, including headache, myalgia, weakness, fatigue (flu-like syndrome) and nervousness and insomnia after clomipramine, 75 mg/d, had been discontinued abruptly. All symptoms disappeared without treatment after 3 days. A 47-year-old woman presented mainly with severe insomnia, anxiety, agitation, jitteriness and tension after discontinuing a low dose of 25 mg/d of clomipramine. Symptoms disappeared after she started self-treatment with 50 mg/d of the drug. It is important to differentiate withdrawal symptoms from relapse of the primary psychiatric disorder.
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PMID:[Withdrawal reactions after clomipramine]. 145 99

An outbreak of respiratory tract infection due to influenza A virus occurred in February 1994 among residents of an 88-bed long term care facility in Toronto, Ontario. Eighteen confirmed and four probable cases of influenza were identified for an attack rate of 25%. Seventy-one per cent of the residents were known to have been immunized with trivalent influenza vaccine, but vaccine efficacy was determined to be only 32%. Influenza A viral antigen was rapidly detected by immunofluorescence microscopy of nasopharyngeal swabs, and amantadine hydrochloride was started in 76 residents within 48 h of recognizing the outbreak. Only two of the residents (3%) at risk became ill more than 48 h after amantadine was started. Amantadine was discontinued in four residents (5%) because of adverse effects (agitation, confusion, unsteady gait). In conclusion, rapid identification of the outbreak and prompt administration of amantadine hydrochloride prophylactically appears to be safe and effective in preventing further spread of influenza A.
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PMID:Influenza A outbreak in a nursing home: the value of early diagnosis and the use of amantadine hydrochloride. 776 11

Adverse events following discontinuation from serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are being reported in the literature with increasing frequency; the frequency and severity of these symptoms appear to vary according to the half-life of the SRI, e.g., the incidence appears higher with the shorter half-life agents than with fluoxetine, which has an extended half-life. Yet, there have been no systematic studies of the phenomenon to date. Therefore, a group of experts convened in Phoenix, Arizona, to develop a clear description or definition of the phenomenon based on these reports. The SRI discontinuation syndrome, referred to as "withdrawal symptoms" in many anecdotal case reports, is distinctly different from the classic withdrawal syndrome associated with alcohol and barbiturates. Anti-depressants are not associated with dependence or drug-seeking behavior. SRI discontinuation symptoms tend to be short-lived and self-limiting, but can be troublesome. They may emerge when an SRI is abruptly discontinued, when doses are missed, and less frequently, during dosage reduction. In addition, the symptoms are not attributable to any other cause and can be reversed when the original agent is reinstituted, or one that is pharmacologically similar is substituted. SRI discontinuation symptoms, in most cases, may be minimized by slowly tapering antidepressant therapy, but there have been several case reports where symptoms occurred consistently even through repeated attempts to taper therapy. Physical symptoms include problems with balance, gastrointestinal and flu-like symptoms, and sensory and sleep disturbances. Psychological symptoms include anxiety and/or agitation, crying spells, and irritability. Further analyses of data bases and clinical studies are needed to define this proposed syndrome more clearly.
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PMID:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome: a hypothetical definition. Discontinuation Consensus panel. 963 38

To minimize the symptoms of antidepressant discontinuation, gradual tapering is necessary for all serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) except fluoxetine, which has an extended half-life. Agents with shorter half-lives such as venlafaxine, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine should be tapered gradually. Discontinuation symptoms, which frequently emerge after abrupt discontinuation or intermittent non-compliance and, less frequently, during dose reduction, are generally mild, short-lived, and self-limiting but can be distressing and may lead to missed work days and decreased productivity. The symptoms may be somatic (e.g., dizziness and light-headedness; nausea and vomiting; fatigue, lethargy, myalgia, chills, and other flu-like symptoms; sensory and sleep disturbances) or psychological (anxiety and/or agitation, crying spells, irritability). Mild symptoms can often be treated by simply reassuring the patient that they are usually transient, but for more severe symptoms, it may be necessary to reinstitute the dosage of the original antidepressant and slow the rate of taper. Symptoms of discontinuation may be mistaken for physical illness or relapse into depression; misdiagnosing the symptoms may lead to unnecessary, costly tests and treatment. Thus, health care professionals need to be educated about the potential adverse effects of SRI discontinuation.
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PMID:Clinical management of antidepressant discontinuation. 981 35

It has recently been published the results of a prospective, comparative study for adjuvant chemotherapy of 164 colorectal cancer patients. Pathological stages were Dukes B 79, C 85 of the cases. The site of primary tumour was colon 108, rectum 56 of the patients. The treatment protocols were as follows: 425 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil plus 20 mg/m2 leucovorin on days 1-5 at 28 days cycles six times (LV group). The IFN group received the same chemotherapy completed with weekly 3 x 3 MIU interferon alpha. Both treatment groups were well balanced. The mean follow up time was 38.1 months. There were 91 patients of relapse and 65 deaths this time. The time to progression was 15 months in the LV group and 12.7 months in the IFN group (p < 0.05). The mean survival time was 24 months in the LV group compared to 22.3 of the IFN group. The frequency and sites of relapses did not differ statistically between the both groups. The preoperative CEA-level was elevated in 42 cases. The mean survival time was 26.4 months in the cases having normal CEA-level compared to 16.1 months of the cases with high-level (p < 0.001). The side-effects were transient and mild, while in the group treated with interferon were more instances of fever, fatigue, flu-like syndrome, psychic disorders, depression and agitation. The administration of interferon had to be interrupted in 4 cases. The results of interim analysis suggest choosing the so-called Mayo protocol for the standard adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer.
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PMID:[Low-dose leucovorin and interferon-alpha as modulators of 5-fluorouracil for adjuvant chemotherapy of colorectal cancer]. 967 18

A central problem in aerobic growth of any culture is the maintenance of dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) above growth-limiting levels especially in high-cell density fermentations that are usually of the fed-batch type. Fermentor studies have been conducted to determine the influence of DOC on the production of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated that there is a significant degree of product-to-product variation in the response of heterologous protein accumulation to DOC. For translational fusions of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) proteins p24Gag and Env41, the imposition of a dissolved oxygen (DO) limitation resulted in 100 and 15% increases in the respective product yields. On the other hand, the imposition of a DO limitation had no effect on the production of a similar translational fusion of the HIV-1 protein p55Gag, and a large negative effect on the production of an influenza protein (C13). The stimulatory effects of DOC on p24Gag production were investigated further. The results of my studies suggested that the stimulatory effect observed at reduced agitation rates on p24Gag accumulation was owing to an oxygen effect and not a shear effect. Furthermore, the results of my investigations indicated that the effect a DOC had on the production of p24Gag was strongly influenced by the cell density at which the culture was induced.
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PMID:Dissolved oxygen concentration affects the accumulation of HIV-1 recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. 1043 15

Coricidin products seemed to be one of the over-the-counter medications being reportedly abused by adolescents, as observed from the Texas Poison Center Network data. This retrospective chart review investigated the occurrence of abuse, developed a patient profile, and defined the clinical effects resulting from the abuse of Coricidin products. Data collected from the Texas Poison Center Network Toxic Exposure Surveillance System database included human exposures between 1998 and 1999, patients > or = 10y old, intentional use or abuse, and single substance ingestion of I of the tablet formulations of Coricidin. Thirty-three cases from 1998 and 59 cases from 1999 were reviewed. Of these cases, 85% met the inclusion criteria. Of the 7 medications searched, only 4 substances were coded for: Coricidin D, Coricidin D (long acting), Coricidin D (cold, flu & sinus) and Coriciding HBP. These contain a combination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, chlorpheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and acetaminophen. Of the 78 cases, 63% were male and 38% were female. The mean age was 14.67 years, 77% being between 13 to 17 years old. Eighteen different symptoms were reported: tachycardia 50%, somnolence 24.4%, mydriasis and hypertension 16.7%, agitation 12.8%, disorientation 10.3%, slurred speech 9%, ataxia 6.4%, vomiting 5.1%, dry mouth and hallucinations 3.9%, tremor 2.6%, and headache, dizziness, syncope, seizure, chest pain, and nystagmus each 1.3%; 12.8% of the calls originated from the school nurse. The incidence of abuse reported increased 60% from 1998 to 1999. This worrisome trend suggests increased abuse of these products.
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PMID:A possible trend suggesting increased abuse from Coricidin exposures reported to the Texas Poison Network: comparing 1998 to 1999. 1204 73

CoricidinHBP (Schering-Plough Health Care Products, Inc, Memphis, TN) is a popular over-the-counter product abused by teenagers for its potent euphoric properties. Clinically significant signs and symptoms after ingestion are usually short-lived and commonly include tachycardia, hypertension, somnolence, and agitation. We report 2 cases of severe toxicity from CoricidinHBP in adolescents that required prolonged hospitalization. The first case demonstrates prolonged anticholinergic complications from a suicidal attempt with CoricidinHBP. The second case demonstrates significant acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicty from recreational use of CoricidinHBP Maximum Strength Flu. Adolescent abuse of these products is encouraged because of the easily accessible medium of the Internet. The significant morbidity seen in our cases clearly demonstrates the need for vigilance by health care professionals regarding the abuse of over-the-counter products.
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PMID:Severe manifestations of coricidin intoxication. 1566 79


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