Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085593 (chills)
 4,268 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three acclimation groups [i.e. non-diapause (LD), diapause (SD) and diapause, cold-acclimated (SDA)] of the adult bugs Pyrrhocoris apterus differed markedly in their levels of chill tolerance. Survival time at a sub-zero, but non-freezing, temperature of -5 degrees C (Lt50) extended from 7.6 days, through 35.6 days, to >60 days in the LD, SD and SDA insects, respectively. The time necessary for recovery after chill-coma increased linearly with the increasing time of exposure to -5 degrees C, and the steepness of the slope of linear regression decreased in the order LD>SD>SDA. The capacity to prevent/counteract leakage of Na(+) down the electrochemical gradient (from haemolymph to tissues) during the exposure to -5 degrees C increased in the order LD<SD<SDA. As a result, the rates of counteractive outward movement of K(+), and of the E(K) dissipation, decreased in the same order. The least chill-tolerant insects (LD) showed the highest rate of body-water loss. Most of the water was lost from the haemolymph compartment. The ability to regulate a certain fraction of ion pools into the hindgut fluid was the highest in the SDA group, medium in the SD group and missing in the LD group. The adenylate energy charge in the fat body cells was constant in all three groups. The total pools of ATP, ADP and AMP, however, decreased in the SD and SDA groups but remained constant in the LD group. The inability of insects to maintain ion gradients at sub-zero temperature is discussed as an important cause of pre-freeze mortality.
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PMID:On the nature of pre-freeze mortality in insects: water balance, ion homeostasis and energy charge in the adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus. 1503 45

On 6 November 2001, a possible case of leptospirosis was notified in a canoeist following a white-water event on the River Liffey. It emerged that a second race participant was also a possible case. An outbreak control team coordinated the epidemiological investigation, laboratory investigation, environmental assessment, communication and control measures. A cluster of six laboratory-confirmed cases of leptospirosis, serologically Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae was found. The attack rate was 9.2% (6/65). Fever, chills, red eyes and shortness of breath were significantly associated with being a confirmed case. Five cases were hospitalized. Swallowing more than one mouthful of water was associated with an increased risk of developing leptospirosis. Increased rainfall and release of hydroelectric water may have contributed to this outbreak. A multidisciplinary approach and use of the Internet and e-mail facilitated rapid and effective communication.
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PMID:A cluster of leptospirosis cases in canoeists following a competition on the River Liffey. 1506 93

Campylobacter, a major foodborne pathogen found in poultry products, remains a serious problem facing poultry processors. Campylobacter research has primarily focused on detection methods, prevalence, and detection on carcasses; limited research has been conducted on intervention. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of carcass washing systems in 4 large broiler-processing plants in removing Campylobacter species. Washing systems evaluated included combinations of inside/outside carcass washers and homemade cabinet washers. Processing aids evaluated were trisodium phosphate (TSP) and acidified sodium chlorite (ASC). The washer systems consisted of 1 to 3 carcass washers and used from 2.16 to 9.73 L of water per carcass. The washer systems used chlorinated water with 25 to 35 ppm of total chlorine. These washer systems on average reduced Campylobacter populations by log 0.5 cfu/mL from log 4.8 cfu/mL to log 4.3 cfu/mL. Washer systems with TSP or ASC reduced Campylobacter populations on average by an additional log 1.03 to log 1.26, respectively. Total average reductions in Campylobacter populations across the washer system and chill tank were log 0.76 cfu/mL. Washer systems that included antimicrobial systems had total average reductions in Campylobacter populations of log 1.53 cfu/mL. These results suggest that carcass washer systems consisting of multiple washers provide minimal reductions in Campylobacter populations found on poultry in processing plants. A more effective treatment of reducing Campylobacter populations is ASC or TSP treatment; however, these reductions, although significant, will not eliminate the organism from raw poultry.
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PMID:Effects of carcass washers on Campylobacter contamination in large broiler processing plants. 1528 18

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) not only paralysed economic activities in SARS-affected cities, it also affected sporting activities. SARS was identified in Hong Kong in late February 2003 and the WHO issued a global alert on 12 March, 2003. The incubation period of SARS is usually 4-6 days and patients commonly present with high fever (temperature >38 degrees C), dry cough, chills and rigor, dyspnoea and diarrhoea. Although a specific antiviral agent and vaccines for SARS are not available at the time of writing, a standard treatment protocol for SARS has been developed. The average mortality rate is about 16% in Hong Kong.The coronavirus is a common pathogen for upper respiratory tract infection and is the most probable pathogen for SARS. Transmission methods may, therefore, be similar for both these infections. Transmission is possible when aerosolised viral particles come into contact with the susceptible host's mucous membrane, most commonly the nose, but also the mouth and eyes. With appropriate preventive measures to avoid contact with virus, the probability of infection is minimal. Isolation of those who have had close contact with confirmed or suspected SARS patients and/or who have persistent fever will be the most effective and practical method of avoiding contact. Maintaining personal hygiene and frequent hand washing can also reduce the risk of infection. Using diluted bleach (1 part bleach in 99 parts water) to cleanse training areas and equipment is also recommended. With proper event planning to conform with quarantine measures, special travel arrangements, facility sterilisation and use of venues with good ventilation and filtering systems, sport competition can still proceed.
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PMID:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and sport: facts and fallacies. 1557 93

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of prechill trisodium phosphate (TSP) treatment on reducing salmonellae recovery from broiler carcasses immediately after chilling or following 7 d of storage. Carcasses were sampled for salmonellae using whole carcass enrichment for 24 h at 37 degrees C. In each of 7 trials, 40 carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant. Batches of 4 carcasses were subjected to a 5-s dip in 10% TSP (treatment) or not dipped (control). Two carcasses from each batch were sampled immediately after chilling (d 0) and 2 carcasses were sampled after 7 d of storage. For trials 1 and 2, TSP treatment and control groups were chilled in separate chill tanks for 45 min. For trials 3 through 7, carcasses were rinsed with water and individually bagged with ice and water before chilling. For trials 1 and 2, 85% (17/20) of control carcasses were salmonellae-positive on d 0 compared with 45% (9/ 20) of the TSP-treated carcasses; after 7 d, 75% (15/20) of control carcasses were positive compared with 35% (7/ 20) for the TSP-treated carcasses. For trials 3 through 7, 46% (23/50) of control carcasses were salmonellae-positive on d 0 compared with 26% (13/50) of the TSP-treated carcasses; after 7 d, 20% (10/50) of control carcasses were positive compared with 4% (2/50) of the TSP-treated carcasses. TSP treatment resulted in significantly higher pH values for rinses. Salmonella recovery was decreased by refrigerated storage and treatment with TSP before immersion chilling.
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PMID:Recovery of Salmonellae from trisodium phosphate-treated commercially processed broiler carcasses after chilling and after seven-day storage. 1561 23

We used differential screening to isolate a full-length dehydration-responsive cDNA clone encoding a hydrophobic late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)-like protein from PEG-treated hot pepper leaves. Named CaLEA6 (for Capsicum annuum LEA), this gene belongs to the atypical hydrophobic LEA Group 6. The full-length CaLEA6 is 709 bp long with an open reading frame encoding 164 amino acids. It is predicted to produce a highly hydrophobic, but cytoplasmic, protein. The putative M(r) of CaLEA6 protein is 18 kDa, with a theoretical pI of 4.63. Based on our Southern blot analysis, CaLEA6 appears to exist as a small gene family. CaLEA6 was not expressed prior to any treatment, but its transcript was rapidly and greatly increased following trials with PEG, ABA, and NaCl. Chilling also induced its rapid induction, but to a much lesser extent. Accumulation of CaLEA6 protein occurred soon after NaCl applications, but considerably delayed after treatment with PEG. Tobacco plants that overexpressed CaLEA6 showed enhanced tolerance to dehydration and NaCl but not to chilling, as defined by their leaf fresh weights, Chl contents, and the general health status of the leaves. Therefore, we suggest that CaLEA6 protein plays a potentially protective role when water deficit is induced by dehydration and high salinity, but not low temperature.
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PMID:Molecular and functional characterization of CaLEA6, the gene for a hydrophobic LEA protein from Capsicum annuum. 1565 78

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the knowledge and behaviour of people in the Sanliurfa province of Turkey regarding the prevention of malaria. A modified 30-cluster sampling method based on the traditional Expanded Programme for Immunization coverage surveys was employed to select a representative sample from 210 households. A questionnaire that focused on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and behaviour of malaria prevention, treatment-seeking behaviour and the use of antimalarials was applied. Eighty-nine percent of respondents knew at least one of the classical symptoms of malaria, and fever and chills were the most commonly reported symptoms (78.6%). Of the people interviewed, 33% believed that malaria can be acquired from dirty water, by changing place of residence, by working in cotton or tomato fields, or from malaria patients' belongings. None of the respondents knew how mosquitoes acquire the parasite. Twenty-five percent of respondents believed that elimination of breeding sites was one way to prevent malaria, and 8% identified the use of bednets. Fifty-five percent of respondents reported protective behaviours that are not directly associated with malaria transmission. Almost 47% of respondents reported that they completed their antimalarials, and only 21% of respondents indicated that they would seek treatment for febrile disease from physicians or a malaria unit. Understanding community perceptions of aetiology, symptom identification and treatment of malaria is an important step towards disease control.
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PMID:Malaria: knowledge and behaviour in an endemic rural area of Turkey. 1566 Nov 31

Previous studies show that low temperature strongly induces suberin layers in the roots of chilling-sensitive cucumber plants, while in contrast, low temperature produces a much weaker induction of suberin layers in the roots of the chilling-tolerant figleaf gourd [S.H. Lee, G.C. Chung, S. Steudle, Gating of aquaporins by low temperature in roots of chilling-sensitive cucumber and -tolerant figleaf gourd, J. Exp. Bot. 56 (2005) 985-995; S.H. Lee, G.C. Chung, E. Steudle, Low temperature and mechanical stresses differently gate aquaporins of root cortical cells of chilling-sensitive cucumber and figleaf gourd, Plant Cell Environ. (2005) in press; S.J. Ahn, Y.J. Im, G.C. Chung, B.H. Cho, S.R. Suh, Physiological responses of grafted-cucumber leaves and rootstock roots affected by low root temperature, Scientia Hort. 81 (1999) 397-408]. Here, the effect of low temperature on fatty acid unsaturation and lipoxygenase activity was examined in cucumber and figleaf gourd. The double bond index demonstrated that membrane lipid unsaturation shows hyperbolic saturation curve in figleaf gourd roots while a biphasic response in cucumber roots to low temperature. In figleaf gourd, the hyperbolic response in the double bond index was primarily due to accumulation of linolenic acid. Chilling stress also significantly induced lipoxygenase activity in figleaf gourd roots. These results suggest that the degree of unsaturation of root plasma membrane lipids correlates positively with chilling-tolerance. Therefore, studies that compare the effects of chilling on cucumber and figleaf gourd may provide broad insight into stress response mechanisms in chilling-sensitive and chilling-tolerant plants. Furthermore, these studies may provide important information regarding the relationship between lipid unsaturation and lipoxygenase function/activity, and between lipoxygenase activity and water channeling during the response to chilling stress. The possible roles of these processes in chilling tolerance are discussed.
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PMID:Differential impact of low temperature on fatty acid unsaturation and lipoxygenase activity in figleaf gourd and cucumber roots. 1582 69

Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease with a variety of clinical manifestations. We report an outbreak of leptospirosis in the Yaeyama Islands, Japan, in the summer of 1999 associated with heavy rainfall. Fourteen people were diagnosed with leptospirosis and required hospitalization. All cases were found to have exposure to contaminated soil or water. A history of recreational activities involving water sports was more frequent (71%) than occupational risk factors related to agriculture or construction (29%). Fever was the primary symptom in all cases, followed by chills (93%), headache (86%), myalgias (57%) and conjunctival suffusion (57%). All cases were successfully treated with antimicrobial therapy except one patient who improved spontaneously. Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions were seen in six cases (43%). The increasing incidence of leptospirosis related to recreational sports is an important public health problem in resort areas. A high-index of suspicion, early treatment, and prevention are crucial in this latently endemic area.
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PMID:Leptospirosis after recreational exposure to water in the Yaeyama islands, Japan. 1622 2

The environmental physiology of three speciesof Collembola: Cryptopygus cisantarcticus, Isotoma klovstadi (Isotomidae) and Friesea grisea (Neanuridae) was investigated from November 2002 to February 2003 at Cape Hallett, North Victoria Land, Antarctica. All three species were freeze avoiding, and while supercooling points were variable on seasonal and daily scales in I. klovstadi and C. cisantarcticus, they remained largely static in F. grisea. LT50 (temperature where 50% of animals are killed by cold) was -13.6, -19.1 and -19.8 degrees C for C. cisantarcticus, I. klovstadi and F. grisea, respectively. Upper lethal temperature was 34, 34 and 38 degrees C for C. cisantarcticus, I. klovstadi and F. grisea. Critical thermal minimum onset (the temperature where individuals entered chill coma) was ca. -7, -12 and -8 degrees C for C. cisantarcticus, I. klovstadi and F. grisea, and 25% of I. klovstadi individuals froze without entering chill coma. Critical thermal maximum (the onset of spasms at high temperature) was 30, 33 and 34 degrees C for C. cisantarcticus, I. klovstadi and F. grisea. Haemolymph osmolality was approximately 720 mOsm for C. cisantarcticus and 680 mOsm for I. klovstadi, and both species showed a moderate degree of thermal hysteresis, which persisted through the season. Desiccation resistance was measured as survival above silica gel, and the species survived in the rank order of C. cisantarcticus<< I. klovstadi = F. grisea. Desiccation resulted in an increase in haemolymph osmolality in I. klovstadi, and water was quickly regained by desiccation-stressed individuals that had access to liquid water, but not by individuals placed in high humidity, indicating that this species is unable to absorb atmospheric water vapour. SDS-PAGE did not suggest any strong patterns in protein synthesis either seasonally or in response to temperature or desiccation stress. Microclimate temperatures were measured at sites representative of collection sites for the three species. Microclimate temperatures were highly variable on a diurnal and weekly scale (the latter relating to weather patterns), but showed little overall variation across the summer season. Potentially lethal high and low temperatures were recorded at several sites, and it is suggested that these temperature extremes account for the observed restriction of the less-tolerant C. cisantarcticus at Cape Hallett. Together, these data significantly increase the current knowledge of the environmental physiology of Antarctic Collembola.
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PMID:Environmental physiology of three species of Collembola at Cape Hallett, North Victoria Land, Antarctica. 1624 60


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